NR 507 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026 | KEY
DISORDER CONCEPTS & EXAM REVIEW UPDATED
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Concepts:
• Genitourinary disorders
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Neurobiological disorders
• Endocrine disorders
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Demyelinating diseases
• Convulsions
• Headache syndromes
• Cranial nerve disorders
• Central nervous system inflammation
• Central nervous system ischemia
• Dermatologic conditions
GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
• Acute Renal Failure
o Reversible
o Prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output= kidneys
are functioning well
• Acute Pyelonephritis
o Pathophysiology
▪ Bacterial colonization
▪ Adherence and invasion
▪ Inflammation and immune response
▪ Renal injury and complications (upper urinary system)
o Assessment
▪ Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis; pyelonephritis involves the
upper tract and cystitis involves the lower tract.
▪ Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, and fever. Systemic
signs, such as high fever, chills, and tachycardia, may
suggest severe infection.
o Diagnosis
, ▪ Urinalysis: Positive urine culture with significant bacteriuria
(>10^5 CFU/mL) and the
presence of pyuria (≥10 white blood cells per high-power field)
on urinalysis. WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not
always be present
▪ CBC: Complete blood count (CBC) elevated white blood cell
count =infection.
▪ Imaging studies: renal ultrasound or computed tomography
(CT) scan, can help identify structural abnormalities and
complications like abscess formation or obstruction.
• Renal Calculi
o Pathophysiology
▪ Supersaturation: urine becomes oversaturate with certain
substances like calcium
▪ Nucleation: crystals act as nucleation sites, where further
crystal deposition can occur.
, ▪ Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate urine flow
allows crystals to remain in the urinary tract
▪ Stone growth and composition: overtime, crystals accumulate
and grow into stones.
o Assessment
▪ Medical history: identify risk
▪ Physical exam: flank or abdominal pain; costovertebral
angle (CVA) tenderness; hematuria
▪ Imaging studies: crucial for assessing the presence, size,
location and composition of the stones- CT scan, renal
ultrasound or x-ray
▪ Lab tests: urinalysis (blood, crystals or infection); blood tests
evaluate renal function and identify metabolic abnormalities
o Treatment
▪ Conservative treatment: for stones <5 mm that are
asymptomatic or causing mild symptoms
▪ Medical management: thiazide diuretics or allopurinol can
be used for calcium stones or uric acid stones, respectively
▪ Stone removal: larger stones >5 mm or stones causing severe
symptoms-lithotripsy.
▪ The goals of treatment:
• Manage acute pain
• Promote passage of stone
• Reduce the size of stone already formed
• Prevent new stone formation
• Chronic Renal Failure
o Review who is a candidate for dialysis
o Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor) systemic lupus
erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease
o CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
o Review 5 stages of CKD
eGFR
Stage Description (mL/min) Complications of Decreased GFR
DISORDER CONCEPTS & EXAM REVIEW UPDATED
WITH VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Concepts:
• Genitourinary disorders
• Gastrointestinal disorders
• Neurobiological disorders
• Endocrine disorders
• Neurodegenerative disorders
• Demyelinating diseases
• Convulsions
• Headache syndromes
• Cranial nerve disorders
• Central nervous system inflammation
• Central nervous system ischemia
• Dermatologic conditions
GENITOURINARY DISORDERS
• Acute Renal Failure
o Reversible
o Prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output= kidneys
are functioning well
• Acute Pyelonephritis
o Pathophysiology
▪ Bacterial colonization
▪ Adherence and invasion
▪ Inflammation and immune response
▪ Renal injury and complications (upper urinary system)
o Assessment
▪ Diagnosing by clinical symptoms alone can be difficult;
can be similar to cystitis; pyelonephritis involves the
upper tract and cystitis involves the lower tract.
▪ Flank pain, abdominal tenderness, and fever. Systemic
signs, such as high fever, chills, and tachycardia, may
suggest severe infection.
o Diagnosis
, ▪ Urinalysis: Positive urine culture with significant bacteriuria
(>10^5 CFU/mL) and the
presence of pyuria (≥10 white blood cells per high-power field)
on urinalysis. WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not
always be present
▪ CBC: Complete blood count (CBC) elevated white blood cell
count =infection.
▪ Imaging studies: renal ultrasound or computed tomography
(CT) scan, can help identify structural abnormalities and
complications like abscess formation or obstruction.
• Renal Calculi
o Pathophysiology
▪ Supersaturation: urine becomes oversaturate with certain
substances like calcium
▪ Nucleation: crystals act as nucleation sites, where further
crystal deposition can occur.
, ▪ Crystal retention: urinary stasis or inadequate urine flow
allows crystals to remain in the urinary tract
▪ Stone growth and composition: overtime, crystals accumulate
and grow into stones.
o Assessment
▪ Medical history: identify risk
▪ Physical exam: flank or abdominal pain; costovertebral
angle (CVA) tenderness; hematuria
▪ Imaging studies: crucial for assessing the presence, size,
location and composition of the stones- CT scan, renal
ultrasound or x-ray
▪ Lab tests: urinalysis (blood, crystals or infection); blood tests
evaluate renal function and identify metabolic abnormalities
o Treatment
▪ Conservative treatment: for stones <5 mm that are
asymptomatic or causing mild symptoms
▪ Medical management: thiazide diuretics or allopurinol can
be used for calcium stones or uric acid stones, respectively
▪ Stone removal: larger stones >5 mm or stones causing severe
symptoms-lithotripsy.
▪ The goals of treatment:
• Manage acute pain
• Promote passage of stone
• Reduce the size of stone already formed
• Prevent new stone formation
• Chronic Renal Failure
o Review who is a candidate for dialysis
o Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is the progressive loss of renal
function associated with systemic diseases such as hypertension,
diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor) systemic lupus
erythematosus, or intrinsic kidney disease
o CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria.
o Review 5 stages of CKD
eGFR
Stage Description (mL/min) Complications of Decreased GFR
