NURS 5315 EXAM 1 COMPLETE PRACTICE
TEST AND PREDICTOR QUESTIONS FOR THE
2026 ASSESSMENT.
◍ Hyperplasia. Ans: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage
or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production
of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
◍ Dysplasia. Ans: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in
size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly
proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
, ◍ Metaplasia. Ans: E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces
a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of
smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett
Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial
cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
◍ Hypoxia injury. Ans: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
◍ Free radical and ROS. Ans: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
◍ Ethanol. Ans: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads
to liver failure irreversible
◍ Oncosis. Ans: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with
high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
◍ Fatty Infiltration. Ans: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet.
can lead to cirrhosis
◍ dystrophic calcification. Ans: accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
◍ metastatic calcification. Ans: accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism,
toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
◍ urate accumulation. Ans: sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
, ◍ Coagulative Necrosis. Ans: kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
◍ Liquefactive Necrosis. Ans: nerve cells- brain- accumulation of
pus
◍ Caseous Necrosis. Ans: lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
◍ Fat Necrosis. Ans: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
◍ Gangrenous Necrosis. Ans: Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
◍ Gout. Ans: E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for <
30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and
joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in
cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
◍ Rhabdomyolysis. Ans: E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle
trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
TEST AND PREDICTOR QUESTIONS FOR THE
2026 ASSESSMENT.
◍ Hyperplasia. Ans: E: cells increase in number, mitosis (cell
division) must occur, size of cell does not change
Phys: increased rate of division, increase in tissue mass after damage
or partial resection; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathologic
Patho: abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually caused by
increased hormonal stimulation (endometrial). increase of production
of local growth factors
Ex: removal of part of the liver lead to hyperplasia of hepatocytes.
uterine or mammary gland enlargement during pregnancy
◍ Dysplasia. Ans: E. Not true adaptation; Cells abnormal change in
size, shape, organization (classified as mild, moderate, severe)
P. caused by cell injury/irritation, characterized by disordered cell
growth. aka atypical hyperplasia or pre-cancer, a disorderly
proliferation
Physiologic: N/A
Pathologic: squamous dysplasia of cervix from HPV shows up on pap
smear, breast cancer development; pap smears often show dysplastic
cells of the cervix that must undergo laser/surgical tx
, ◍ Metaplasia. Ans: E: reversible change, one type of cell changes to
another type for survival
P: reversible; results from exposure of the cells to chronic stressors,
injury, or irritation; Cancer can arise from this area, stimulus induces
a reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and
growth factors
Ex: Patho: Columnar cells change to squamous cells in lungs of
smoker or normal ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial linings are
replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells.; Phys: Barrett
Esophagus- normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial
cells in response to reflux, aka intestinal metaplasia
◍ Hypoxia injury. Ans: E. inadequate oxygenation of tissues
P. decrease in mitochondrial function, decreased production of ATP
increases anaerobic metabolism. eventual cell death.
C.M. hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy
◍ Free radical and ROS. Ans: E. normal byproduct of ATP
production, will overwhelm the mitochondria- exhaust intracellular
antioxidants
P. lipid peroxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA
C.M. development in Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease,
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
◍ Ethanol. Ans: E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and
nutritional status
P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals
,C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine,
PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads
to liver failure irreversible
◍ Oncosis. Ans: Na and H2O enter cell and cause swelling. Organ
increases in weight, becomes distended and pale. Associated with
high fever, hypocalcemia, certain infections
◍ Fatty Infiltration. Ans: intracellular accumulation of lipids in the
liver
liver fails to metabolize lipids. usually from ETOH or high fat diet.
can lead to cirrhosis
◍ dystrophic calcification. Ans: accumulation of Ca in dead or dying
tissues
calcium salt clump and harden- interfere with cellular structure and
function
r/t pulmonary TB, atherosclerosis, injured heart valves, chronic
pancreatitis
◍ metastatic calcification. Ans: accumulation of Ca in normal tissue
result of hypercalcemia r/t hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism,
toxic levels of Vit D. Can also r/t hyperphosphatemia in renal failure
◍ urate accumulation. Ans: sodium urate crystals are deposited in
tissues- group of disorders collectively called gout- acute arthritis,
chronic gouty arthritis, tophus, nephritis
, ◍ Coagulative Necrosis. Ans: kidneys, heart, adrenals- secondary to
hypoxia
◍ Liquefactive Necrosis. Ans: nerve cells- brain- accumulation of
pus
◍ Caseous Necrosis. Ans: lung disease- usually TB- tissue looks like
clumped cheese
◍ Fat Necrosis. Ans: breast, pancreas, abdominal structures- creates
soaps
◍ Gangrenous Necrosis. Ans: Dry- dark shriveled skin
Wet- internal organs- can lead to death
Gas- from clostridium- antitoxins and hyperbaric therapy
◍ Gout. Ans: E. disturbances in serum urate levels. uncommon for <
30 years old.
P. uric acid is deposited in the tissues of kidney, heart, earlobes, and
joints.
C.M. inflammation, painful joints. result of diuretic use or diet high in
cream sauces, red wine, or red meat
◍ Rhabdomyolysis. Ans: E. cell hypoxia caused by severe muscle
trauma, hyperthermia, crush injuries, or severe dehydration
