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Summary Bbs1004 Brain, Behavior And Movement (BBS1004)
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Summary Bbs1004 Brain, Behavior And Movement (BBS1004)
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Case 1LG1: Macro anatomy of the brain
The central nervous system (CNS) controls most functions of the body and mind and consists
of two parts: the brain and the spinal cord. Brainstem, cerebellum & cerebrum are part of the
brain and therefore also belong to the CNS. An adult human brain’s weight is about 1500-
1600g.
The cerebral cortex can be divided into four lobes: Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe
& Temporal lobe.
1. FRONTAL LOBE
The main functions of the frontal lobe are higher executive functions. It controls important
cognitive skills such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment
& sexual behavior. It is the control panel of our personality and our ability to communicate.
2. PARIETAL LOBE
The main functions of the parietal lobe are eye-hand coordination and sensory & spatial
awareness. It receives the information from most of our senses (smell(taste/touch). It
interprets visual information and processes language & mathematics.
3. OCCIPITAL LOBE
The occipital lobe is the seat of most of the brain's visual cortex, allowing you not only to see
and process stimuli from the external world, but also to assign meaning to and remember
visual perceptions. Main functions are: detecting colour, visual memory, assessing distance,
size & depth and identifying faces and objects as known.
4. TEMPORAL LOBE
Located just beneath the lateral fissure and crossing both fissures of the brain is the temporal
lobe. This vital structure helps process sensory input, including pain and auditory stimuli. It
also helps you understand language, retain visual memories, and both process and remember
emotions. Our long-term memory is located in the temporal lobe and the conscious memory
is formed by the temporal
lobe with the help of the
amygdala and
hippocampus.
It plays a key role in
auditory processing
including perceiving
sounds, assigning meaning
to those sounds,
remembering sounds and
the production of speech.
It also controls appetite,
thirst & hunger.
, STRUCTURE INFORMATION
CAUDATE NUCLEUS Part of the corpus striatum; associated with motor processes; procedural learning,
associative learning & inhibitory control of actions
GLOBUS PALLIDUS Also known as paleostriatum/dorsal pallidum; part of the telencephalon; part of the
extrapyramidal motor system; gets input from the striatum and directs output to the thalamus
& substantia nigra; has an external & internal part
PUTAMEN Is connected to the substantia nigra, the globus pallidus, the claustrum, the thalamus & many
regions of the cerebral cortex; regulates movements at various stages (preparation &
execution) & influences various types of learning → employs GABA, ACh & enkephalin
THALAMUS Located in the diencephalon; nerve fibers project out of the thalamus to the cerebral cortex
in all directions to exchange information; functions are: relaying of sensory signals,
including motor signals and the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness
SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS Major part of the subthalamus; implements the hyperdirect pathway of motor control →
hold muscular responses
SUBSTANTIA NIGRA Located in the midbrain; important role in reward & movement; has two parts: par compacta
(SNpc) which serves as output to the basal ganglia & supplies the striatum with dopamine
and the part reticulata (Snpr) which serves as input from the basal ganglia to other brain
structures
CAPSULA INTERNA Separates caudate nucleus & thalamus from putamen & globus pallidus; connect the primary
motor cortex to the lower motor neurons in the spinal cord via ascending & descending
axons
PONS Part of the brainstem; superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum;
creates neural pathways and tract that conduct signals from the brain down the cerebellum
& medulla and tracts that carry the sensory signals to the thalamus
NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS Forms the ventral striatum; each cerebral hemisphere has its own nucleus accumbens;
responsible for different cognitive functions (motivation, aversion, reward, incentive
salience, pleasure, positive reinforcement, reinforcement learning & addiction
SEPTUM PELLUCIDUM A thin, triangular, vertical double membrane separating the anterior horns of the left and the
right lateral ventricles of the brain
LATERAL VENTRICLES Two largest cavities of the ventricular system; contain cerebrospinal fluid; begins at an
inferior horn in the temporal & frontal lobe with a posterior horn backwards to the occipital
lobe; it connects to the third ventricle
CORPUS CALLOSUM A wide, thick nerve track beneath the cerebral cortex; connects the left and the right
hemispheres and enables communication between those two; the biggest white matter of the
human brain
OPTIC CHIASM It’s the part of the brain where the optic nerves cross; inferior to the hypothalamus
COMMISSURA ANTERIOR Also known as the precommissure; a white matter tract connecting the two temporal lobes
of the hemispheres; placed in front of the fornix and the axons travel through the corpus
callosum; plays a key role in pain sensation (sharp, acute pain)
CHOROID PLEXUS A plexus of cells that produce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT Consist of CSF and connects the third to the fourth ventricle of the brain
CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE Two stalks that attach the cerebrum to the brainstem; contain the large ascending (sensory)
& descending (motor) nerve tracts that run to and from the cerebrum to the pons
COLLICULUS Consists of two parts:
- Inferior part: the principle midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and
receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei and the auditory cortex
- Superior part: lies on top of the midbrain; a homologous structure known as the
optic tectum/optic lobe; receive input from the retina and respond almost
exclusively to visual stimuli
CEREBELLUM Little brain; important role in motor control and some cognitive functions (attention,
language, regulating fear & pleasure responses); contributes coordination, precision and
accurate timing; receives input from the sensory system of the spinal cord and integrates
these inputs to finetune motor activity
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GREY A grey matter (nucleus) that surrounds the cerebral aqueduct; plays an important role in
autonomic function, motivated behavior and behavioral responses to threatening stimuli;
primary control center of pain
TRACTUS OPTICUS Part of the visual system and a continuation of the optic nerve that relays information from
the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral lateral geniculate nucleus.
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