HONDROS NUR 205 COMPREHENSIVE 2026 EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Respiratory Acidosis - ✔✔Low pH (7.35or lower)
High Pc02 (45 or higher)
Causes:
COPD, hypoventilation, asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, sedation
✔✔Respiratory Acidosis Treatment/Interventions - ✔✔Administer 02 as prescribed
sit HOB or orthopenic position
Encourage fluids to thin secretions
Administer respiratory therapies
May need suction kit at the bedside
Monitor electrolytes
Administer respiratory infection antibiotics or steroids
Bronchodilators **
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis - ✔✔High pH (7.45 or higher)
Low Pc02 (35 or lower)
Causes:
Hyperventilation, anxiety, obesity, fever
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment/Interventions - ✔✔Breathing techniques into a
paper bag
Anti anxiety meds
Relaxation techniques
monitor electrolytes
Provide emotional support
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔K+ lower than 3.5
Causes:
** Vomiting/Diarrhea
DKA
Excessive diuretics or corticosteroids
Increased secretion of aldosterone
Wound drainage
Prolonged gastric suctioning
Excessive diaphoresis
Kidney disease/failure
✔✔Hypokalemia S/S - ✔✔Muscle cramps
Constipation
Lethargy
Weakness
Low respirations
, Confusion
Low or absent DTR
Dysrhythmias
✔✔Hypokalemia Treatments/Interventions - ✔✔Place pt on cardiac monitor
monitor vital signs
monitor electrolytes
administer K+ supplements
increase K+ rich foods
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔Higher than 5
Causes:
Burns, acute kidney failure, excessive use of K+ supps and intake of K+ foods, intestinal
obstruction, cell damage
✔✔Hyperkalemia S/S - ✔✔muscle weakness
hypotension
diarrhea
hyperactive bowel sounds
flat P waves
Prolonged PR interval
Depressed ST
✔✔Hyperkalemia Treatment/Interventions - ✔✔Place pt on cardiac monitor
monitor I&O
monitor vital signs
enforce K+ restricting diet
Give kayexlate
Dialysis may be required
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Lower than 8
Causes:
Inadequate intake of calcium & vit D
Diarrhea
Excessive GI loss
Diuretics
Caffeine
Laxatives
Crohns Disease
✔✔Hypocalcemia S/S - ✔✔HIgh HR
Tetany
Positive Chovostek's or Trousseaus sign
Diarrhea
Twitching
Hyperactive bowel sounds
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Respiratory Acidosis - ✔✔Low pH (7.35or lower)
High Pc02 (45 or higher)
Causes:
COPD, hypoventilation, asthma, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, sedation
✔✔Respiratory Acidosis Treatment/Interventions - ✔✔Administer 02 as prescribed
sit HOB or orthopenic position
Encourage fluids to thin secretions
Administer respiratory therapies
May need suction kit at the bedside
Monitor electrolytes
Administer respiratory infection antibiotics or steroids
Bronchodilators **
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis - ✔✔High pH (7.45 or higher)
Low Pc02 (35 or lower)
Causes:
Hyperventilation, anxiety, obesity, fever
✔✔Respiratory Alkalosis Treatment/Interventions - ✔✔Breathing techniques into a
paper bag
Anti anxiety meds
Relaxation techniques
monitor electrolytes
Provide emotional support
✔✔Hypokalemia - ✔✔K+ lower than 3.5
Causes:
** Vomiting/Diarrhea
DKA
Excessive diuretics or corticosteroids
Increased secretion of aldosterone
Wound drainage
Prolonged gastric suctioning
Excessive diaphoresis
Kidney disease/failure
✔✔Hypokalemia S/S - ✔✔Muscle cramps
Constipation
Lethargy
Weakness
Low respirations
, Confusion
Low or absent DTR
Dysrhythmias
✔✔Hypokalemia Treatments/Interventions - ✔✔Place pt on cardiac monitor
monitor vital signs
monitor electrolytes
administer K+ supplements
increase K+ rich foods
✔✔Hyperkalemia - ✔✔Higher than 5
Causes:
Burns, acute kidney failure, excessive use of K+ supps and intake of K+ foods, intestinal
obstruction, cell damage
✔✔Hyperkalemia S/S - ✔✔muscle weakness
hypotension
diarrhea
hyperactive bowel sounds
flat P waves
Prolonged PR interval
Depressed ST
✔✔Hyperkalemia Treatment/Interventions - ✔✔Place pt on cardiac monitor
monitor I&O
monitor vital signs
enforce K+ restricting diet
Give kayexlate
Dialysis may be required
✔✔Hypocalcemia - ✔✔Lower than 8
Causes:
Inadequate intake of calcium & vit D
Diarrhea
Excessive GI loss
Diuretics
Caffeine
Laxatives
Crohns Disease
✔✔Hypocalcemia S/S - ✔✔HIgh HR
Tetany
Positive Chovostek's or Trousseaus sign
Diarrhea
Twitching
Hyperactive bowel sounds
