Samenvatting immunologie
College 1
Immunology: Study on cells, tissues/organs and molecules involved in the recognition, inactivation,
and removal of foreign (non-self) or dangerous (including self) materials. Population, animal, cell and
molecular level.
Immune surveillance: recognition, and removal of self (oncogenic) cells: cancer, or senescent cells
Antigen: (Antibody generator): compound that initiates an immune response, either innate or
adaptive
Why (veterinary) immunology important?
An animal right: health (& welfare)
Lower medical costs
Optimal production
Animals and man share many immune features
60-75% of infectious diseases of humans are from animal origin! ----- Zoonoses
Keep livestock near cities (risk)???
A large part of our DNA is of viral origin (proviral DNA)
There is an intricate relationship between our intestinal microbiota and the immune system
Types of immunity:
Natural/innate
o ‘Invariable’?
o Fast and acute
o Non-specific and broad activity
o Precedes and directs specific immunity
o Training
Specific
o Adaptive*
Self acquired: active adaptation due to
Infection
Active vaccination
Experimental: sensitization in vivo
Or: passively acquired by
Passive vaccination (donor serum)
Maternal immunity
o Before birth all human babies were passively ‘vaccinated’ in
the womb by their mother! Maternal IgG antibodies
o Many children are also passively vaccinated (IgA) by breast
feeding!
o Specific
o Learning and maintaining memory
o Slow
Before birth all human babies were passively ‘vaccinated’ in the womb by their mother (maternal IgG
antibodies). And many children are also passively vaccinated by breast feeding (IgA)
Most principles and dogma’s of human immunology are true for (food and wild life) animals with
some exceptions for birds, fish, and reptiles! Also plants, insects and bacteria show forms of
‘resistance’ to infections.
1
,Immunity is not always equivalent to (biologically) relevant protective disease resistance!
Is immunity always good?
Protective
o Concomitant: (live!) pathogen remains present and helps to maintain memory!
o Sterilizing: pathogen completely removed (memory loss)
o Modulating: pathogen present but inactivated
Counter-protective
o Protection or enhancement of pathogen (like HIV)
Irrelevant: see Th1-TH2 dogma
Harmful:
o Pathology/inflammation
o Hypersensitivity
o Autoimmunity
Innate immunity:
Prevention of infection
Degradation of microbes
First line of defence, gaining time
Activation of specific immunity
Effector of specific immunity
No specific memory, but ‘training’
Always present
Like skin
Cells:
o Phagocytes
o Granulocytes
o Killer cells
o Antigen presenting cells
Proteins:
o Lytic enzymes
o Acute phase proteins
o Complement and defensins
Radicals: O2, OH-, H2O2, HClO3, NOx
Depending on species, activation and full functioning of specific immunity after primary
infection may take 7 – 10 days
o As a consequence barriers and innate immunity are highly important
2
, Leucocytes (white blood cells): mononuclear cells:
lymphocyte and monocyte; granulocytes: neutrophil
(polymorph), eosinophil and basophil
Specific immunity:
Cells:
o T cells
Helper (Th) regulation
Regulator (Treg) regulation
Suppressor (Ts) regulation
Cytotoxic (Tcyt) effector
Memory (Tmem) memory
T-cell dependent or cellular immunity
o B cells
Makes antibodies
Antigen presentation
memory
antibody mediated or humoral immunity
Proteins
o Interleukines (cytokines)
o immunoglobulins
College 2
Innate system cells:
Phagocytes
Granulocytes
Platelets
Antigen-presenting (accessory) cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Specific system cell:
T cells or T lymphocytes
B cells or B lymphocytes
Haemopoietic: is the formation of blood cellular components
Lymphoïd stemcell T cells and B cells
Myeloïd progrenitor
Granulocytes
Megakaryocyte platelets
Monocyte macrophages
Dendrites
Natural Killer cells
Absolute levels and (relative) frequenties of
cells and cell types in blood and tissues
(lymph nodes…….
Lymphocytes: specific recognition via receptors: TCR on T cells and BCR (surface immunoglobulin) on
B cells
Regulation: helper T cells / regulation T cells
effector: (cytotoxic) T cells, and B- and plasma cells
3
College 1
Immunology: Study on cells, tissues/organs and molecules involved in the recognition, inactivation,
and removal of foreign (non-self) or dangerous (including self) materials. Population, animal, cell and
molecular level.
Immune surveillance: recognition, and removal of self (oncogenic) cells: cancer, or senescent cells
Antigen: (Antibody generator): compound that initiates an immune response, either innate or
adaptive
Why (veterinary) immunology important?
An animal right: health (& welfare)
Lower medical costs
Optimal production
Animals and man share many immune features
60-75% of infectious diseases of humans are from animal origin! ----- Zoonoses
Keep livestock near cities (risk)???
A large part of our DNA is of viral origin (proviral DNA)
There is an intricate relationship between our intestinal microbiota and the immune system
Types of immunity:
Natural/innate
o ‘Invariable’?
o Fast and acute
o Non-specific and broad activity
o Precedes and directs specific immunity
o Training
Specific
o Adaptive*
Self acquired: active adaptation due to
Infection
Active vaccination
Experimental: sensitization in vivo
Or: passively acquired by
Passive vaccination (donor serum)
Maternal immunity
o Before birth all human babies were passively ‘vaccinated’ in
the womb by their mother! Maternal IgG antibodies
o Many children are also passively vaccinated (IgA) by breast
feeding!
o Specific
o Learning and maintaining memory
o Slow
Before birth all human babies were passively ‘vaccinated’ in the womb by their mother (maternal IgG
antibodies). And many children are also passively vaccinated by breast feeding (IgA)
Most principles and dogma’s of human immunology are true for (food and wild life) animals with
some exceptions for birds, fish, and reptiles! Also plants, insects and bacteria show forms of
‘resistance’ to infections.
1
,Immunity is not always equivalent to (biologically) relevant protective disease resistance!
Is immunity always good?
Protective
o Concomitant: (live!) pathogen remains present and helps to maintain memory!
o Sterilizing: pathogen completely removed (memory loss)
o Modulating: pathogen present but inactivated
Counter-protective
o Protection or enhancement of pathogen (like HIV)
Irrelevant: see Th1-TH2 dogma
Harmful:
o Pathology/inflammation
o Hypersensitivity
o Autoimmunity
Innate immunity:
Prevention of infection
Degradation of microbes
First line of defence, gaining time
Activation of specific immunity
Effector of specific immunity
No specific memory, but ‘training’
Always present
Like skin
Cells:
o Phagocytes
o Granulocytes
o Killer cells
o Antigen presenting cells
Proteins:
o Lytic enzymes
o Acute phase proteins
o Complement and defensins
Radicals: O2, OH-, H2O2, HClO3, NOx
Depending on species, activation and full functioning of specific immunity after primary
infection may take 7 – 10 days
o As a consequence barriers and innate immunity are highly important
2
, Leucocytes (white blood cells): mononuclear cells:
lymphocyte and monocyte; granulocytes: neutrophil
(polymorph), eosinophil and basophil
Specific immunity:
Cells:
o T cells
Helper (Th) regulation
Regulator (Treg) regulation
Suppressor (Ts) regulation
Cytotoxic (Tcyt) effector
Memory (Tmem) memory
T-cell dependent or cellular immunity
o B cells
Makes antibodies
Antigen presentation
memory
antibody mediated or humoral immunity
Proteins
o Interleukines (cytokines)
o immunoglobulins
College 2
Innate system cells:
Phagocytes
Granulocytes
Platelets
Antigen-presenting (accessory) cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Specific system cell:
T cells or T lymphocytes
B cells or B lymphocytes
Haemopoietic: is the formation of blood cellular components
Lymphoïd stemcell T cells and B cells
Myeloïd progrenitor
Granulocytes
Megakaryocyte platelets
Monocyte macrophages
Dendrites
Natural Killer cells
Absolute levels and (relative) frequenties of
cells and cell types in blood and tissues
(lymph nodes…….
Lymphocytes: specific recognition via receptors: TCR on T cells and BCR (surface immunoglobulin) on
B cells
Regulation: helper T cells / regulation T cells
effector: (cytotoxic) T cells, and B- and plasma cells
3
