NR 507: ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM| VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2026
Asthma -CORRECT ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction
and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma -CORRECT ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -CORRECT ANSWER -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles -CORRECT ANSWER smaller passageways that originate from
the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles -CORRECT ANSWER innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria -CORRECT ANSWER the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria -CORRECT ANSWER embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria -CORRECT ANSWER white blood cells are
present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -CORRECT
ANSWER the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain -CORRECT
ANSWER columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain -CORRECT
ANSWER smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do -CORRECT ANSWER
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation -CORRECT ANSWER When air is unable to move out
of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible
mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? -CORRECT ANSWER the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial
walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -CORRECT ANSWER -expanded
thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
, - respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -CORRECT ANSWER
tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? -CORRECT ANSWER These drugs
block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma -CORRECT ANSWER the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine
which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause
bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing
the bronchial constriction
bronchitis -CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis -CORRECT ANSWER bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
Perfusion -CORRECT ANSWER The supply of oxygen to and removal of
wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion -CORRECT ANSWER cyanosis
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS| LATEST EXAM UPDATE 2026
Asthma -CORRECT ANSWER Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction
and an excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma -CORRECT ANSWER coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) -CORRECT ANSWER -airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles -CORRECT ANSWER smaller passageways that originate from
the bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles -CORRECT ANSWER innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria -CORRECT ANSWER the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria -CORRECT ANSWER embedded with
connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria -CORRECT ANSWER white blood cells are
present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -CORRECT
ANSWER the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain -CORRECT
ANSWER columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain -CORRECT
ANSWER smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do -CORRECT ANSWER
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation -CORRECT ANSWER When air is unable to move out
of the alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible
mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? -CORRECT ANSWER the ongoing
inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial
walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar -CORRECT ANSWER -expanded
thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
, - respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma -CORRECT ANSWER
tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? -CORRECT ANSWER These drugs
block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma -CORRECT ANSWER the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine
which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause
bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing
the bronchial constriction
bronchitis -CORRECT ANSWER inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis -CORRECT ANSWER bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
Perfusion -CORRECT ANSWER The supply of oxygen to and removal of
wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion -CORRECT ANSWER cyanosis
