BIOL 235 MIDTERM 2 COMBINED NOTES
AND STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS
ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What happens during REVERSE MUSCLE ACTION? Answer:
specific movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR
the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched
⩥ What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever?
Answer: if the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from
the fulcrum only a small about of effort is needed to move the load
⩥ Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever
Answer: fulcrum
⩥ Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist
____________ muscles Answer: contract, relax
⩥ What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints
called? Answer: synergists
,⩥ What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves
called? Answer: Compartment
⩥ Origin an insertion of the masseter Answer: Origin = maxilla and
zygomatic arch
Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible
⩥ What is the origin of the deltoid ? Answer: acromial extremity of
clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
⩥ What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring ? Answer:
semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
⩥ What 4 muscles make up the Quads ? Answer: rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis
⩥ What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up
primarily of neuron cell bodies? Answer: Ganglia
⩥ The somatic nervous system only sends impulses to ________
muscles Answer: skeletal
⩥ Fight or Flight is associated with which division of the autonomic
nervous system? Answer: Sympathetic
, ⩥ What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an
action potential? Answer: electrical excitability
⩥ What type of neurons usually have several dendrite and on axon , and
are norm ally found in brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons?
Answer: Multipolar
⩥ What type of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon as well as
are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and the olfactory
area of brain? Answer: Bipolar
⩥ What type of neurons has dendrites and one axon that are fused
together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body?
Answer: Unipolar or Pseudounipolar
⩥ The processes of ________ make contact with blood capillaries,
neurons, and the pia mater Answer: astrocytes
⩥ What neuroglia has these functions?
1. contain microfilaments that give them strength and allow them to
support neurons
2. contributes to the effectiveness of BBB
AND STUDY GUIDE SOLUTIONS
ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
⩥ What happens during REVERSE MUSCLE ACTION? Answer:
specific movements of the body the actions are reversed THEREFOR
the positions of the origin and insertion of a muscle are switched
⩥ What is a mechanical advantage using the example of a lever?
Answer: if the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort is farther from
the fulcrum only a small about of effort is needed to move the load
⩥ Bones serve as levers and joints serve as ________ for the lever
Answer: fulcrum
⩥ Agonist (Prime Movers) _________ muscles while antagonist
____________ muscles Answer: contract, relax
⩥ What are muscles that contract and stabilize the intermediate joints
called? Answer: synergists
,⩥ What is a group of skeletal muscles, their blood vessels, and nerves
called? Answer: Compartment
⩥ Origin an insertion of the masseter Answer: Origin = maxilla and
zygomatic arch
Insertion = angle and ramus of the mandible
⩥ What is the origin of the deltoid ? Answer: acromial extremity of
clavicle, acromion, and spine of scapula
⩥ What are the 3 muscles that make up the hamstring ? Answer:
semimebranosous, semitendinosus, biceps femoris
⩥ What 4 muscles make up the Quads ? Answer: rectus femoris, vastus
lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis
⩥ What do you call a small mass of nervous tissue that is made up
primarily of neuron cell bodies? Answer: Ganglia
⩥ The somatic nervous system only sends impulses to ________
muscles Answer: skeletal
⩥ Fight or Flight is associated with which division of the autonomic
nervous system? Answer: Sympathetic
, ⩥ What is the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an
action potential? Answer: electrical excitability
⩥ What type of neurons usually have several dendrite and on axon , and
are norm ally found in brain and spinal cord as well as motor neurons?
Answer: Multipolar
⩥ What type of neurons have one main dendrite and one axon as well as
are primarily found in the retina of the eye, inner ear, and the olfactory
area of brain? Answer: Bipolar
⩥ What type of neurons has dendrites and one axon that are fused
together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body?
Answer: Unipolar or Pseudounipolar
⩥ The processes of ________ make contact with blood capillaries,
neurons, and the pia mater Answer: astrocytes
⩥ What neuroglia has these functions?
1. contain microfilaments that give them strength and allow them to
support neurons
2. contributes to the effectiveness of BBB
