(NEURO) FINAL EXAM (CHAP 13, 15, 18) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
2026/2027
According to the incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction, as a drug-addicted individual habitually
consumes the drug, the - Answers hedonic value of taking the drug decreases
Drug sensitization is the opposite of - Answers drug tolerance
Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from - Answers alcohol
Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the -
Answers nucleus accumbens
Which behavioral trait in humans predict who will initially begin taking a drug? - Answers novelty
seeking
Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy
marijuana use and _____ is cause for concern. - Answers schizophrenia
The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is - Answers its unpredictability
Most drugs that are taken orally enter the blood stream throught the walls of the - Answers intestine
Modern theories of drug addiction propose that addicts relapse after lengthy drug-free periods because
of the effects of - Answers exposure to cues related to drug effects by Pavlovian conditioning
Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is
called - Answers functional tolerance
Research suggests that LSD and other classical hallucinogens produce effects - Answers by acting as
serotonin agonists.
Which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in anxiety disorders because of the effects of
benzodiazepines? - Answers GABA
Reductions in ____ have been noted in the frontal cortex and other brain regions in people with bipolar
disorder. - Answers gray matter
Psychedelic drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine are classified as - Answers dissociative
hallucinogens
Remarkably, a single injection of ketamine - Answers often alleviates depression
Reductions in ____ have been noted in the frontal cortex and other brain regions in people diagnosed
with major depressive disorder. - Answers white matter
Depression is sometimes divided into two categories: reactive depression and _____ depression. -
Answers endogenous
Structural brain-imaging studies of individual with schizophrenia typically reveal - Answers reduced brain
volume
, Drugs that reduce depression without increasing mania, or reduce mania without increasing depression,
are called - Answers mood stabilizers
Drugs that are intended to treat certain symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are classified as
______ drugs. - Answers antipsychotic
Exocrine Glands - Answers Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on
the surface of the body.
Endocrine Glands - Answers Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the
circulatory system.
Hormones - Answers Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system.
Gonads - Answers The testes and ovaries.
Testes - Answers The male gonads
Ovaries - Answers The female gonads
Copulation - Answers sexual intercourse
Zygote - Answers The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum.
Sex Chromosomes - Answers The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's genetic sex: XX for
a female and XY for a male.
Amino acid derivative hormones - Answers Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an
amino acid molecule.
Peptide hormones - Answers Hormones that are short chains of amino acids
Protein hormones - Answers Hormones that are long chains of amino acids
Steroid Hormones - Answers Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol
Androgens - Answers The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone
Estrogens - Answers the class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an
example is estradiol
Testosterone - Answers The most common androgen
Estradiol - Answers The most common estrogen
Progestins - Answers The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone
Progesterone - Answers A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.
Adrenal Cortex - Answers The outer layer of each adrenal gland, which releases glucocorticoids in
response to stressors, as well as small amounts of steroid hormones.
Gonadotropin - Answers The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the
gonads
2026/2027
According to the incentive-sensitization theory of drug addiction, as a drug-addicted individual habitually
consumes the drug, the - Answers hedonic value of taking the drug decreases
Drug sensitization is the opposite of - Answers drug tolerance
Convulsions and delirium tremens are caused by withdrawal from - Answers alcohol
Many of the dopaminergic neurons with cell bodies in the ventral tegmental area synapse in the -
Answers nucleus accumbens
Which behavioral trait in humans predict who will initially begin taking a drug? - Answers novelty
seeking
Although causal effects have not yet been proven, the well-established correlation between heavy
marijuana use and _____ is cause for concern. - Answers schizophrenia
The main disadvantage of the oral route of drug administration is - Answers its unpredictability
Most drugs that are taken orally enter the blood stream throught the walls of the - Answers intestine
Modern theories of drug addiction propose that addicts relapse after lengthy drug-free periods because
of the effects of - Answers exposure to cues related to drug effects by Pavlovian conditioning
Tolerance that occurs because the target tissue becomes less reactive to the drug after exposure is
called - Answers functional tolerance
Research suggests that LSD and other classical hallucinogens produce effects - Answers by acting as
serotonin agonists.
Which neurotransmitter has been most often implicated in anxiety disorders because of the effects of
benzodiazepines? - Answers GABA
Reductions in ____ have been noted in the frontal cortex and other brain regions in people with bipolar
disorder. - Answers gray matter
Psychedelic drugs such as ketamine and phencyclidine are classified as - Answers dissociative
hallucinogens
Remarkably, a single injection of ketamine - Answers often alleviates depression
Reductions in ____ have been noted in the frontal cortex and other brain regions in people diagnosed
with major depressive disorder. - Answers white matter
Depression is sometimes divided into two categories: reactive depression and _____ depression. -
Answers endogenous
Structural brain-imaging studies of individual with schizophrenia typically reveal - Answers reduced brain
volume
, Drugs that reduce depression without increasing mania, or reduce mania without increasing depression,
are called - Answers mood stabilizers
Drugs that are intended to treat certain symptoms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are classified as
______ drugs. - Answers antipsychotic
Exocrine Glands - Answers Glands that release chemicals into ducts that carry them to targets, mostly on
the surface of the body.
Endocrine Glands - Answers Ductless glands that release chemicals called hormones directly into the
circulatory system.
Hormones - Answers Chemicals released by the endocrine system directly into the circulatory system.
Gonads - Answers The testes and ovaries.
Testes - Answers The male gonads
Ovaries - Answers The female gonads
Copulation - Answers sexual intercourse
Zygote - Answers The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum.
Sex Chromosomes - Answers The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual's genetic sex: XX for
a female and XY for a male.
Amino acid derivative hormones - Answers Hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an
amino acid molecule.
Peptide hormones - Answers Hormones that are short chains of amino acids
Protein hormones - Answers Hormones that are long chains of amino acids
Steroid Hormones - Answers Hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol
Androgens - Answers The class of steroid hormones that includes testosterone
Estrogens - Answers the class of steroid hormones that are released in large amounts by the ovaries; an
example is estradiol
Testosterone - Answers The most common androgen
Estradiol - Answers The most common estrogen
Progestins - Answers The class of steroid hormones that includes progesterone
Progesterone - Answers A progestin that prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy.
Adrenal Cortex - Answers The outer layer of each adrenal gland, which releases glucocorticoids in
response to stressors, as well as small amounts of steroid hormones.
Gonadotropin - Answers The pituitary tropic hormone that stimulates the release of hormones from the
gonads
