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Chapter One: Introduction to Microbiology and make it habitable for us species by
Main Concepts: preventing the climate change on earth.)
What is microbiology about and why is it They played a vital role in producing oxygen
important? in the Earth's atmosphere
The structure and activities of microbial Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as
cells cyanobacteria and diatoms, are major
Evolution and diversity of microbial cells contributors to oxygen production
Microorganisms and their environments Microorganisms also help in carbon fixation
The impact of microorganisms on humans by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and
Microbiology: Understanding Basic Life Processes preventing climate change
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms Can live in places unstable for other
and how they work organisms (they are extremophiles that can
Two interconnected themes of live in extreme condition, hot or cold, salt or
microbiology: understanding basic life pressure under the ocean)
processes and applying that knowledge for Other life forms require microbes to survive
the benefit of humans (for their very existence)
Basic science: understanding how Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
microorganisms grow, send signals, form Microorganisms can live in extreme habitats
endospores, and undergo cellular signaling such as hot, cold, salty, and high-pressure
Applied science: using microorganisms in environments.
medicine, agriculture, industry, and product o Some organisms require microbes
development to survive.
Microorganisms in the Environment Microorganisms are too small to be seen by
Microorganisms are found all around us the naked eye, typically smaller than 0.2
Microbial communities exist in various micrometers (typical human eye resolution
environments, such as lakes, sludge, and is 0.2 mm or 200 micrometers).
the human body Microscopy is used to study
More microorganisms live on the human microorganisms.
body than the total number of human cells o Microscope and other special types
Microorganisms can be found on the skin, are needed to resolve and magnify
inside the mouth, stomach, intestines, and the image of microorganisms.
colon Microorganisms can be cultured in a
Microorganisms on the body outnumber medium (liquid or solid) containing the
human cells required nutrients to grow.
o Petri dishes are used to grow
1.1 What is Microbiology About and Why is it microorganisms, forming visible
Important? colonies (bioluminescent (light
emitting colonies of the bacterium
Importance of Microorganisms Photobacterium grown in lab
Microorganisms are the oldest form of life culture on a petri plate. There are
on Earth (billions of years before plants and 3 parts where one of which is
animals) dotted (or in dots) which is called
They are the largest mass of living material the clonal population that have M
on Earth (although individually small; if we & M (approx. 10M) contained in a
talk about biomass they are the largest on single colony).
earth) o Each colony contains millions of
Microorganisms carry out major processes genetically identical cells, known as
for biogeochemical cycles (they were vital a clonal population (genetic clones
to our appearance as a species- the Earth of one another because bacteria
was anoxic B of yrs ago that means there divide by asexual reproduction
was no oxygen in our atmosphere and we there’s no genetic variability after
thank them for providing us oxygen up to asexual rep or binary fission that
this date, especially the cyanobacteria divides into 2 then 4 which are
which are photosynthetic bacteria & to genetically identical that uses
diatoms which photosynthetic eukaryotes scanning electron micrograph of
and other types of algae which are cells of photobacterium).
unicellular and multicellular prokaryotes.
Also to plants and trees as well (but they’re 1.2: Structure and Activities of Microbial Cell
not the major drivers of O2). After all Recall: The cell is a dynamic entity that forms the
they’re all what we call as fundamental unit of life. (Remember, viruses are not
photosynthesizers which are also like CO2 cells nor alive. They require a host to reproduce).
sponges through a process known as carbon There are unicellular and multicellular organism. All
fixation. They can take CO2 out of the air prokaryotes (do not possess membrane-bound
like a sponges, removing CO2 from the organelles) are typically unicellular. Whereas
atmosphere lowering that greenhouse gas eukaryotes can be unicellular (e.g. protists, protozoa,
MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf
, MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf
fungi) or multicellular (e.g. human, plants, animals, The nucleus is the main membrane-bound
etc.). organelle in eukaryotic cells, containing the
Microbial Structure genomic material.
Elements of MS: All cells have the following Other membrane-bound organelles in
in common: Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane, eukaryotic cells include the endoplasmic
cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell wall. reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
Microorganisms have a cytoplasm, which is central vacuole (in plant cells), and
an aqueous mixture of macromolecules, chloroplasts (in plant cells).
ions, and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-
All cells have a plasma membrane bound organelles but have non-membrane-
(cytoplasmic or cell membrane) that bound organelles such as ribosomes.
separates the inside of the cell from the Microorganisms, especially bacteria,
outside environment. typically have a cell wall in addition to the
Microorganisms have ribosomes, which are plasma membrane.
organelles (not membrane-bound) that Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
synthesize proteins. Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotic
Most microorganisms have a cell wall in cells by 10 to 50 times.
addition to the plasma membrane. Prokaryotes have a circularized
The cell wall (MOST organisms chromosome, while eukaryotes have linear
PARTICULARLY BACTERIA have but not ALL) chromosomes.
confers structural strength and helps Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound
maintain the shape of the cell. (Cells that do nucleus and membrane-bound organelles,
not have shape are pleomorphic because while prokaryotes have a nucleoid and no
they have no cell wall. Keep in mind: Animal membrane-bound organelles.
cell walls like as for humans lack cell walls Eukaryotes have a larger genome (a cell’s
but other eukaryotes such as plants and full complement of genes and those genes
fungi, they do possess cell wall. Prokaryotes reside on chromosomes) with more
can be viewed by SEM while eukaryotes nucleotides (over 3M base pairs of DNA)
with TEM.) compared to prokaryotes (have only a few
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound M base pairs of DNA, for instance E.Coli
organelles, while eukaryotic cells have with 4.6M base pairs).
membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes may have extra-chromosomal
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic DNA called plasmids (small, circularized
cells include: the nucleus (main membrane- DNA that can replicate independently the
bound organelle that is lacking in main chromosome) that have special genes
prokaryotes), nuclear membrane (reason on them that confer special properties (e.g.,
there is nucleus due to the genomic harbor important genes such as antibiotic
material, the chromosomes are inside of the resistance small, compact (0.5-10M base
double membrane called nuclear pairs) or gene on a plasmid that codes for a
membrane), endoplasmic reticulum (both toxin).
smooth and rough ER), Golgi apparatus, Microbial Communities and Metabolism
mitochondria, central vacuole (in plant Cells live in microbial communities (in
cells), and chloroplasts (in plant cells). (It BIOLOGY means different species) in nature.
also contains cytoplasm, ribosomes, All cells (including microbes) undergo
cytoplasmic membrane, and cell wall metabolism (catabolism - breaking down
(common in all cells and NOT MEMBRANE- substances such breaking down sugars and
BOUND), so there are 9 in all.) fats for energy & anabolism - building
Prokaryotic cells have a circularized (no substances such as genetic replication and
beginning and an end and aggregates to expression), chemical transformation of
form nucleoid) chromosome called nutrients or all chemical processes inside a
nucleoid, while eukaryotic cells have linear cell are together known as catabolism (we
(if unravelled, it will look like a large string take up sugars, fats and then digest those
that has beginning and an end) sugars and fats to produce ATP and
chromosomes (46 pieces of DNA, equal to promote the functions of the cell).
46 chromosomes for humans). (So, typically Cells have enzymes (protein catalysts) to
all cells have a genome that have at least assist in metabolism.
one chromosome such as the prokaryotes Cells undergo gene expression through
and it’s circularized that means there no transcription (DNA information converted
beginning and end of chromosome (one to RNA) and translation (RNA used by
double strand DNA circle) and is not inside ribosome protein).
of double membrane called nuclear Growth, Evolution, and Other Properties of Cells
membrane and hence only nucleoid.) All cells grow, they can grow from digesting
Membrane-Bound Organelles the nutrients inside of solutions or media
they are growing. But the definition of
growth differs between prokaryotes (cell
MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf
Chapter One: Introduction to Microbiology and make it habitable for us species by
Main Concepts: preventing the climate change on earth.)
What is microbiology about and why is it They played a vital role in producing oxygen
important? in the Earth's atmosphere
The structure and activities of microbial Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as
cells cyanobacteria and diatoms, are major
Evolution and diversity of microbial cells contributors to oxygen production
Microorganisms and their environments Microorganisms also help in carbon fixation
The impact of microorganisms on humans by removing CO2 from the atmosphere and
Microbiology: Understanding Basic Life Processes preventing climate change
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms Can live in places unstable for other
and how they work organisms (they are extremophiles that can
Two interconnected themes of live in extreme condition, hot or cold, salt or
microbiology: understanding basic life pressure under the ocean)
processes and applying that knowledge for Other life forms require microbes to survive
the benefit of humans (for their very existence)
Basic science: understanding how Microorganisms, Tiny Titans of the Earth
microorganisms grow, send signals, form Microorganisms can live in extreme habitats
endospores, and undergo cellular signaling such as hot, cold, salty, and high-pressure
Applied science: using microorganisms in environments.
medicine, agriculture, industry, and product o Some organisms require microbes
development to survive.
Microorganisms in the Environment Microorganisms are too small to be seen by
Microorganisms are found all around us the naked eye, typically smaller than 0.2
Microbial communities exist in various micrometers (typical human eye resolution
environments, such as lakes, sludge, and is 0.2 mm or 200 micrometers).
the human body Microscopy is used to study
More microorganisms live on the human microorganisms.
body than the total number of human cells o Microscope and other special types
Microorganisms can be found on the skin, are needed to resolve and magnify
inside the mouth, stomach, intestines, and the image of microorganisms.
colon Microorganisms can be cultured in a
Microorganisms on the body outnumber medium (liquid or solid) containing the
human cells required nutrients to grow.
o Petri dishes are used to grow
1.1 What is Microbiology About and Why is it microorganisms, forming visible
Important? colonies (bioluminescent (light
emitting colonies of the bacterium
Importance of Microorganisms Photobacterium grown in lab
Microorganisms are the oldest form of life culture on a petri plate. There are
on Earth (billions of years before plants and 3 parts where one of which is
animals) dotted (or in dots) which is called
They are the largest mass of living material the clonal population that have M
on Earth (although individually small; if we & M (approx. 10M) contained in a
talk about biomass they are the largest on single colony).
earth) o Each colony contains millions of
Microorganisms carry out major processes genetically identical cells, known as
for biogeochemical cycles (they were vital a clonal population (genetic clones
to our appearance as a species- the Earth of one another because bacteria
was anoxic B of yrs ago that means there divide by asexual reproduction
was no oxygen in our atmosphere and we there’s no genetic variability after
thank them for providing us oxygen up to asexual rep or binary fission that
this date, especially the cyanobacteria divides into 2 then 4 which are
which are photosynthetic bacteria & to genetically identical that uses
diatoms which photosynthetic eukaryotes scanning electron micrograph of
and other types of algae which are cells of photobacterium).
unicellular and multicellular prokaryotes.
Also to plants and trees as well (but they’re 1.2: Structure and Activities of Microbial Cell
not the major drivers of O2). After all Recall: The cell is a dynamic entity that forms the
they’re all what we call as fundamental unit of life. (Remember, viruses are not
photosynthesizers which are also like CO2 cells nor alive. They require a host to reproduce).
sponges through a process known as carbon There are unicellular and multicellular organism. All
fixation. They can take CO2 out of the air prokaryotes (do not possess membrane-bound
like a sponges, removing CO2 from the organelles) are typically unicellular. Whereas
atmosphere lowering that greenhouse gas eukaryotes can be unicellular (e.g. protists, protozoa,
MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf
, MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf
fungi) or multicellular (e.g. human, plants, animals, The nucleus is the main membrane-bound
etc.). organelle in eukaryotic cells, containing the
Microbial Structure genomic material.
Elements of MS: All cells have the following Other membrane-bound organelles in
in common: Cytoplasmic (cell) membrane, eukaryotic cells include the endoplasmic
cytoplasm, ribosomes, and cell wall. reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria,
Microorganisms have a cytoplasm, which is central vacuole (in plant cells), and
an aqueous mixture of macromolecules, chloroplasts (in plant cells).
ions, and ribosomes. Prokaryotic cells lack these membrane-
All cells have a plasma membrane bound organelles but have non-membrane-
(cytoplasmic or cell membrane) that bound organelles such as ribosomes.
separates the inside of the cell from the Microorganisms, especially bacteria,
outside environment. typically have a cell wall in addition to the
Microorganisms have ribosomes, which are plasma membrane.
organelles (not membrane-bound) that Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
synthesize proteins. Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotic
Most microorganisms have a cell wall in cells by 10 to 50 times.
addition to the plasma membrane. Prokaryotes have a circularized
The cell wall (MOST organisms chromosome, while eukaryotes have linear
PARTICULARLY BACTERIA have but not ALL) chromosomes.
confers structural strength and helps Eukaryotes have a membrane-bound
maintain the shape of the cell. (Cells that do nucleus and membrane-bound organelles,
not have shape are pleomorphic because while prokaryotes have a nucleoid and no
they have no cell wall. Keep in mind: Animal membrane-bound organelles.
cell walls like as for humans lack cell walls Eukaryotes have a larger genome (a cell’s
but other eukaryotes such as plants and full complement of genes and those genes
fungi, they do possess cell wall. Prokaryotes reside on chromosomes) with more
can be viewed by SEM while eukaryotes nucleotides (over 3M base pairs of DNA)
with TEM.) compared to prokaryotes (have only a few
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound M base pairs of DNA, for instance E.Coli
organelles, while eukaryotic cells have with 4.6M base pairs).
membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotes may have extra-chromosomal
Membrane-bound organelles in eukaryotic DNA called plasmids (small, circularized
cells include: the nucleus (main membrane- DNA that can replicate independently the
bound organelle that is lacking in main chromosome) that have special genes
prokaryotes), nuclear membrane (reason on them that confer special properties (e.g.,
there is nucleus due to the genomic harbor important genes such as antibiotic
material, the chromosomes are inside of the resistance small, compact (0.5-10M base
double membrane called nuclear pairs) or gene on a plasmid that codes for a
membrane), endoplasmic reticulum (both toxin).
smooth and rough ER), Golgi apparatus, Microbial Communities and Metabolism
mitochondria, central vacuole (in plant Cells live in microbial communities (in
cells), and chloroplasts (in plant cells). (It BIOLOGY means different species) in nature.
also contains cytoplasm, ribosomes, All cells (including microbes) undergo
cytoplasmic membrane, and cell wall metabolism (catabolism - breaking down
(common in all cells and NOT MEMBRANE- substances such breaking down sugars and
BOUND), so there are 9 in all.) fats for energy & anabolism - building
Prokaryotic cells have a circularized (no substances such as genetic replication and
beginning and an end and aggregates to expression), chemical transformation of
form nucleoid) chromosome called nutrients or all chemical processes inside a
nucleoid, while eukaryotic cells have linear cell are together known as catabolism (we
(if unravelled, it will look like a large string take up sugars, fats and then digest those
that has beginning and an end) sugars and fats to produce ATP and
chromosomes (46 pieces of DNA, equal to promote the functions of the cell).
46 chromosomes for humans). (So, typically Cells have enzymes (protein catalysts) to
all cells have a genome that have at least assist in metabolism.
one chromosome such as the prokaryotes Cells undergo gene expression through
and it’s circularized that means there no transcription (DNA information converted
beginning and end of chromosome (one to RNA) and translation (RNA used by
double strand DNA circle) and is not inside ribosome protein).
of double membrane called nuclear Growth, Evolution, and Other Properties of Cells
membrane and hence only nucleoid.) All cells grow, they can grow from digesting
Membrane-Bound Organelles the nutrients inside of solutions or media
they are growing. But the definition of
growth differs between prokaryotes (cell
MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf MicroBio_Exam_Notes.docx.pdf
