WGU D313 STUDY GUIDE EXAMS SET TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2026
VIEW AHEAD EXAM.
⫸ How does the lumen diameter of a vessel affect blood pressure?
Answer: A smaller lumen diameter has greater vascular resistance, so
the blood pressure is higher
⫸ How does arthrosclerosis affect blood flow? Answer: It narrows
the vessel, lumen, creating more resistance and increasing
hypertension
⫸ Vasal construction does what to blood pressure? Answer:
Increases it
⫸ Vasodilation does what to blood pressure? Answer: Decreases
⫸ What are three main contributors to vascular resistance? Answer:
Lumen diameter
Blood viscous
Blood vessel length
,⫸ How does blood viscosity affect blood pressure? Answer: Higher
blood viscosity means there is greater resistance in the vessel so blood
pressure is higher
⫸ How does blood vessel length affect blood pressure? Answer:
Longer blood vessels have a greater resistance, so the blood pressure
is increased
⫸ What's nerves affect sympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Answer: The cardiac accelerator nerves
⫸ What nurve affect parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Answer: Vagus nerve
⫸ What hormones are released in a sympathetic stimulation of the
heart? Answer: RAA system (Rennan-angiotensin-aldosterone)
ADH antidiuretic hormone
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
⫸ How does the Rennan angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAs)
increase blood pressure Answer: Retains fluid in the kidneys to
increase blood volume
⫸ How does antidiuretic hormone affect a blood pressure? Answer:
causes vasoconstriction
,⫸ How does epinephrine and norepinephrine affect the blood
pressure Answer: Causes Vaso construction
⫸ Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the heart causes what hormone
to be released Answer: Acetylcholine
⫸ Acetylcholine causes what in the circulatory system? Answer:
Vasodilation
⫸ What is the pathway of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart,
and what is the net result? Answer: Vagus nerve causes the release of
acetylcholine which results in vasodilation and lowers the blood
pressure.
⫸ Where are baroreceptors found? Answer: carotid sinus and aortic
arch
⫸ Where are proprioceptors located? Answer: muscles, tendons, and
joints
⫸ Where are chemoreceptors found? Answer: carotid bodies and
aortic bodies
⫸ Hypoxia Answer: Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough
oxygen in the blood
, ⫸ Hypercapnia Answer: excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
⫸ Where are the cardiovascular centers found in the brain? Answer:
Medulla oblongata
⫸ What hormone is secreted in reaction to an atmospheric change?
Answer: Erythropoietin
⫸ hypovolemic shock Answer: shock resulting from blood or fluid
loss
⫸ Cardiogenic shock Answer: Shock caused by inadequate function
of the heart, or pump failure.
⫸ Examples of things that can cause cardiogenic shock Answer:
Ischemia
Myocardial infarction
Arrhythmias
Damaged heart valves
Impaired contractility
Excessive preload or afterload
⫸ Vascular shock Answer: results from extreme vasodilation and
decreased peripheral resistance
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS 2026
VIEW AHEAD EXAM.
⫸ How does the lumen diameter of a vessel affect blood pressure?
Answer: A smaller lumen diameter has greater vascular resistance, so
the blood pressure is higher
⫸ How does arthrosclerosis affect blood flow? Answer: It narrows
the vessel, lumen, creating more resistance and increasing
hypertension
⫸ Vasal construction does what to blood pressure? Answer:
Increases it
⫸ Vasodilation does what to blood pressure? Answer: Decreases
⫸ What are three main contributors to vascular resistance? Answer:
Lumen diameter
Blood viscous
Blood vessel length
,⫸ How does blood viscosity affect blood pressure? Answer: Higher
blood viscosity means there is greater resistance in the vessel so blood
pressure is higher
⫸ How does blood vessel length affect blood pressure? Answer:
Longer blood vessels have a greater resistance, so the blood pressure
is increased
⫸ What's nerves affect sympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Answer: The cardiac accelerator nerves
⫸ What nurve affect parasympathetic stimulation of the heart?
Answer: Vagus nerve
⫸ What hormones are released in a sympathetic stimulation of the
heart? Answer: RAA system (Rennan-angiotensin-aldosterone)
ADH antidiuretic hormone
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
⫸ How does the Rennan angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAs)
increase blood pressure Answer: Retains fluid in the kidneys to
increase blood volume
⫸ How does antidiuretic hormone affect a blood pressure? Answer:
causes vasoconstriction
,⫸ How does epinephrine and norepinephrine affect the blood
pressure Answer: Causes Vaso construction
⫸ Stimulation of the vagus nerve in the heart causes what hormone
to be released Answer: Acetylcholine
⫸ Acetylcholine causes what in the circulatory system? Answer:
Vasodilation
⫸ What is the pathway of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart,
and what is the net result? Answer: Vagus nerve causes the release of
acetylcholine which results in vasodilation and lowers the blood
pressure.
⫸ Where are baroreceptors found? Answer: carotid sinus and aortic
arch
⫸ Where are proprioceptors located? Answer: muscles, tendons, and
joints
⫸ Where are chemoreceptors found? Answer: carotid bodies and
aortic bodies
⫸ Hypoxia Answer: Low oxygen saturation of the body, not enough
oxygen in the blood
, ⫸ Hypercapnia Answer: excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
⫸ Where are the cardiovascular centers found in the brain? Answer:
Medulla oblongata
⫸ What hormone is secreted in reaction to an atmospheric change?
Answer: Erythropoietin
⫸ hypovolemic shock Answer: shock resulting from blood or fluid
loss
⫸ Cardiogenic shock Answer: Shock caused by inadequate function
of the heart, or pump failure.
⫸ Examples of things that can cause cardiogenic shock Answer:
Ischemia
Myocardial infarction
Arrhythmias
Damaged heart valves
Impaired contractility
Excessive preload or afterload
⫸ Vascular shock Answer: results from extreme vasodilation and
decreased peripheral resistance
