NEUROPHY ACTUAL EXAM 1 |90 COMPLETE AND GRADED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 LATEST UPDATED | 100% GRADED CORRECT | 100% GUARANTEED TO
PASS | GET A+
1. -90 mV: What is the equilibrium potential for potassium?
2. +55 mV: What is the equilibrium potential for sodium?
3. Nerst: The equilibrium potential for an ion is determined via the
_________________ equation.
4. Equilibrium potential or Ek: When electrostatic forces are equal and opposite
to chemical forces, this is known as ______________.
5. Depolarization: If a membranes charge moves from -70 mV to -35mV this is
known as ___________________.
6. Excitation, inhibition.: Depolarization is analogous to ___________ while
hyperpolarization is analogous to ____________.
7. By using a selectivity filter that competes against the attractive forces be-
tween water and specific ions.: By what mechanism do ion channels allow only
specific ions to pass through?
,8. ligand, phosphorylation (2ndary messenger), voltage and mechanical: What
are the 4 gating mechanisms of ion channels?
9. Move into the cell: If a membrane has a charge of -98 mV, what will
potassium do once ion channels are opened?
10. Out of: At resting membrane potential (-70mV) does potassium want to
move into or out of the cell?
11. Membrane conductance: Aside from chemical and electrical gradient,
what else determines the strength of an ionic current?
12. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation (chord conductance equation): The
_____________ equation determines the membrane potential for an entire cell by
factoring in each electrochemical gradient and the membrane conductance.
13. It causes that ion to have a weaker influence: When the membrane
conductance for an ion is low, what effect does this have on that particular
ions influence on Vm?
14. Exocytosis: Neurotransmitter is released via ____________.
, 15. False, cell response dependent on the receptor: T/F the neurotransmitter
determines what type of response is initiated by the cell.
16. ionotropic receptors: Which type of ligand ion receptor features receptors
that are part of the ion channel and involves only one step to open the
channel?
17. metabotropic receptors: Which type of ligan ion receptor features
receptors that are separate from the ion channels and involves a molecular
signaling cascade in its communication with the channels?
18. ionotropic/Nicotinic/cholinergic: What type of receptor is the
Acetylcholine (Ach) receptor?
19. More opportunities for modulation and better signal amplification
allow for more complex action in the cell: What advantages do metabotropic
receptors provide?
20. 1. Neurotransmitter binds and activates receptor
2. Receptor activates G-protein (release GDP and binds GTP)
3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
ANSWERS 2026 LATEST UPDATED | 100% GRADED CORRECT | 100% GUARANTEED TO
PASS | GET A+
1. -90 mV: What is the equilibrium potential for potassium?
2. +55 mV: What is the equilibrium potential for sodium?
3. Nerst: The equilibrium potential for an ion is determined via the
_________________ equation.
4. Equilibrium potential or Ek: When electrostatic forces are equal and opposite
to chemical forces, this is known as ______________.
5. Depolarization: If a membranes charge moves from -70 mV to -35mV this is
known as ___________________.
6. Excitation, inhibition.: Depolarization is analogous to ___________ while
hyperpolarization is analogous to ____________.
7. By using a selectivity filter that competes against the attractive forces be-
tween water and specific ions.: By what mechanism do ion channels allow only
specific ions to pass through?
,8. ligand, phosphorylation (2ndary messenger), voltage and mechanical: What
are the 4 gating mechanisms of ion channels?
9. Move into the cell: If a membrane has a charge of -98 mV, what will
potassium do once ion channels are opened?
10. Out of: At resting membrane potential (-70mV) does potassium want to
move into or out of the cell?
11. Membrane conductance: Aside from chemical and electrical gradient,
what else determines the strength of an ionic current?
12. Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation (chord conductance equation): The
_____________ equation determines the membrane potential for an entire cell by
factoring in each electrochemical gradient and the membrane conductance.
13. It causes that ion to have a weaker influence: When the membrane
conductance for an ion is low, what effect does this have on that particular
ions influence on Vm?
14. Exocytosis: Neurotransmitter is released via ____________.
, 15. False, cell response dependent on the receptor: T/F the neurotransmitter
determines what type of response is initiated by the cell.
16. ionotropic receptors: Which type of ligand ion receptor features receptors
that are part of the ion channel and involves only one step to open the
channel?
17. metabotropic receptors: Which type of ligan ion receptor features
receptors that are separate from the ion channels and involves a molecular
signaling cascade in its communication with the channels?
18. ionotropic/Nicotinic/cholinergic: What type of receptor is the
Acetylcholine (Ach) receptor?
19. More opportunities for modulation and better signal amplification
allow for more complex action in the cell: What advantages do metabotropic
receptors provide?
20. 1. Neurotransmitter binds and activates receptor
2. Receptor activates G-protein (release GDP and binds GTP)
3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
