NR 507 FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS 2026
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER -area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a
single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal
cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER -Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER -structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the
posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area
in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
,Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-
infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-
12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the
2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER -Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate
release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER -the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER -Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where
the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF
circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
, Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are
most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANSWER --Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANSWER -- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal
insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER -- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - CORRECT ANSWER --Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
ANSWERS 2026
Dermatomes - CORRECT ANSWER -area of the skin that is mainly supplied by branches of a
single spinal sensory nerve root. These spinal sensory nerves enter the nerve root at the spinal
cord, and their branches reach to the periphery of the body.
Substance release at the synapse - CORRECT ANSWER -Acetylcholine- Excitatory or inhibitory-
alzheimers
Norepi- Excitatory or inhibitory- sleep/wake cycle, SYNS transmission
Dopa- Excitatory (h1 and h2 receptors) and inhibitory (H3 receptors). parkinson disease
Spondylolysis - CORRECT ANSWER -structural defect (degeneration, fracture, or developmental
defect) in the pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch (the joining of the vertebral body to the
posterior structures). The lumbar spine at L5 is affected most often.
-Heredity
-Other congenital spinal defects
motor and sensory areas of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER -Parietal lobe- major area for somatic
sensory input, located along the postcentral gyrus. which is adjacent to the primary motor area
in the precentral gyrus.
Primary motor area (Brodmann area 4)- located along the precentral gyrus forming the primary
voluntary motor area (homunculus) (little man).
Association fibers provide communication between sensory and motor
,Ischemic penumbra - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic but not infarcted (salvageable) tissue. Peri-
infarct tissue.
-no structural damage
Cerebral infarction - CORRECT ANSWER -ischemic- white infarct (affected area is pale and soft 6-
12 hours after). necrosis appears by 48 to 72 hours.
Infiltration of macrophages and phagocytosis of necrotic tissue. necrosis resolves around the
2nd week. glial scarring.
excitotoxins - CORRECT ANSWER -Toxins (usually amino acids) that overstimulate glutamate
release and cause neuron suicide.
Agnosia - CORRECT ANSWER -the inability to recognize familiar objects.
-tactile/spatial-parietal lobe
-Gerstmann syndrome (loss of spatial orientation of fingers, body, sides and #s)- L angular gyrus
(Parieral)
-Object- Temporo-occipital area
-Associated with CVAs
Subarachnoid hemorrhage - CORRECT ANSWER -Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where
the cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
-ruptured intracranial aneurysm/trauma
-IICP/irritates meningeal tissues/produces inflammation, blood coats nerve roots, impairs CSF
circulation
-compensatory increase in SBP
, Meningitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bacterial- Meningococcus and S. pneumococcus bacteria are
most common
Viral- Specific pathogen cannot be found in CSF
Prostate cancer prevention - CORRECT ANSWER --Eat a low fat diet
- Slow growing cancer so DRE and PSA testing prevents
BPH and the urinary system - CORRECT ANSWER -- Chronic inflammation
-Bladder outflow obstruction
-Urge to pee often
-delay in starting stream
- Decreased force of stream
-Urinary retention/ overflow incontinence (late sign)
Complications: Hematuria, infections, bladder calculi, retention, hydronephrosis, renal
insufficiency
Cause of respiratory Alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER -- fever
-anemia,
-anxiety, panic
-thyrotoxicosis
-hyperventilation
buffer molecules - CORRECT ANSWER --Plasma- Bicarbonate-carbonic acid and HGB.
-Intracellular- Phosphate and protein
Renal- Ammonia and Phosphate
