NUR 2063 Final Exam Study Guide
(2026/2027) – Essentials of
Pathophysiology | Rasmussen University
Comprehensive Exam Review
Gastritis and Etiology and patho -CORRECTANSWER inflammation of stomach's
mucolas lining (can involve entire stomach or region) can be acute or chronic.
may be caused by h. pylori infection (imbeds in mucosal layer activating toxins and
enzymes that cause inflammation. NSAIDS, chronic alcohol consumption, stress,
trauma, burns, or infections, autoimmune conditions
manifestations of gastritis -CORRECTANSWER indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise.
hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding. chronic gastritis
increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hemorrhage.
gastritis diagnosis/treatment -CORRECTANSWER h&p, GI tract x ray, egd, serum h.
pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h. pylori and occult blood
treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves
meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents
other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids)
,Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) -CORRECTANSWER refers to erosive lesions affecting the
muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers vary in size and severity,
ranging from superficial erosions to complete penetration through GI tract wall
peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho -CORRECTANSWER ETIOLOGY: most
commonly H. pylori and NSAID use.
PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms
PUD duodenal ulcers -CORRECTANSWER most commonly associated with excessive
acid or H. pylori infections
typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of food
PUD gastric ulcers -CORRECTANSWER less frequent-more deadly
typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
pain worsens with eating
PUD Stress ulcers -CORRECTANSWER develop because of major physiological
stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in stool)
,PUD manifestations/treatment -CORRECTANSWER epigastric, abd. pain, abd.
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, nausea/voimiting, melena (dark, tarry
stools), fatigue, unexplained weight loss
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-reducing agents
possible surgical repair
Iron-deficiency Anemia -CORRECTANSWER Not enough iron for hemoglobin
production
erythrocytes pale and small
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased bleeding
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails, headache/irritability, pica, cyanosis
of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
Anemia -CORRECTANSWER common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes
that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin content,
presence of abnormal hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia
Pernicious anemia -CORRECTANSWER B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia
large, immature erythrocytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach)
, b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in myelin,
neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed.
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss, anorexia,
personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of hands and feet,
unsteady gait
aplastic anemia -CORRECTANSWER bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells
leading to pancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections
can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
Sickle cell anemia -CORRECTANSWER genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene
crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog vessels.
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone pain,
jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure
thalassemia -CORRECTANSWER genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem.
lack one or 2 proteins that make up hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities,
jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea
(2026/2027) – Essentials of
Pathophysiology | Rasmussen University
Comprehensive Exam Review
Gastritis and Etiology and patho -CORRECTANSWER inflammation of stomach's
mucolas lining (can involve entire stomach or region) can be acute or chronic.
may be caused by h. pylori infection (imbeds in mucosal layer activating toxins and
enzymes that cause inflammation. NSAIDS, chronic alcohol consumption, stress,
trauma, burns, or infections, autoimmune conditions
manifestations of gastritis -CORRECTANSWER indigestion, heartburn, epigastric pain,
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fever, malaise.
hematemesis and dark, tarry stools indicate ulceration and bleeding. chronic gastritis
increases risk for peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, anemia, and hemorrhage.
gastritis diagnosis/treatment -CORRECTANSWER h&p, GI tract x ray, egd, serum h.
pylori antibodies, h. pylori breath test, stool analysis (h. pylori and occult blood
treatment-acute is self limiting ususally resolves
meds-antacids, acid-reducing agents, and mucosal barrier agents
other strategies include those for GERD (diet, small meals, antacids)
,Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) -CORRECTANSWER refers to erosive lesions affecting the
muscularis mucosa of the stomach or duodenum. ulcers vary in size and severity,
ranging from superficial erosions to complete penetration through GI tract wall
peptic ulcer disease etiology and patho -CORRECTANSWER ETIOLOGY: most
commonly H. pylori and NSAID use.
PATHO: develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective
mechanisms
PUD duodenal ulcers -CORRECTANSWER most commonly associated with excessive
acid or H. pylori infections
typically present with epigastric pain relieved in the presence of food
PUD gastric ulcers -CORRECTANSWER less frequent-more deadly
typically associated with malignancy and NSAIDS
pain worsens with eating
PUD Stress ulcers -CORRECTANSWER develop because of major physiological
stressor on body due to local tissue ischemia, tissue acidosis, bile salts entering
stomach, and decreased GI motility
most frequently develop in stomach; multiple ulcers can form within hours of the
precipitating event
often hemorrhage is the first indication (vomiting blood or blood in stool)
,PUD manifestations/treatment -CORRECTANSWER epigastric, abd. pain, abd.
cramping, heartburn, indigestion, chest pain, nausea/voimiting, melena (dark, tarry
stools), fatigue, unexplained weight loss
Treatment: same as gastritis: antacids, mucosal barrier agents, acid-reducing agents
possible surgical repair
Iron-deficiency Anemia -CORRECTANSWER Not enough iron for hemoglobin
production
erythrocytes pale and small
Etiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased bleeding
manifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails, headache/irritability, pica, cyanosis
of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
Anemia -CORRECTANSWER common acquired or inherited disorder of erythrocytes
that impairs the bloods oxygen-carrying capacity.
ETIOLOGY: decrease in # of circulating erythrocytes, reduction in hemoglobin content,
presence of abnormal hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: weakness, fatigue, pallor, syncope, dyspnea, tachycardia
Pernicious anemia -CORRECTANSWER B12 deficiency or megaloblastic anemia
large, immature erythrocytes.
usually lack of intrinsic factor (protein necessary for b12 absorption in stomach)
, b12 is needed for cell division and maturity.
too little b12 gradually causes neuro problems because of the breakdown in myelin,
neuro effects may be seen before anemia is diagnosed.
Additional manifestations: bleeding gums, diarrhea, impaired smell, DTR loss, anorexia,
personality/memory changes, + babinski sign, stomatitis, paresthesia of hands and feet,
unsteady gait
aplastic anemia -CORRECTANSWER bone marrow fails to make enough blood cells
leading to pancytopenia
MANIFESTATIONS: general anemia, leukcytopenia, and recurrent infections
can be caused by cancers, cancer treatment, pesticides
Sickle cell anemia -CORRECTANSWER genetic, hemoglobin-s trait vs. gene
crescent shape during times of hypoxia, can clump together and clog vessels.
MANIFESTATIONS: swelling in hands and feet, sickle cell crisis, abd. pain, bone pain,
jaundice, skin ulcers, stroke, chest pain
tissue ischemia and necrosis.
electrophoresis and stem cell transplant may cure
thalassemia -CORRECTANSWER genetic, not RBC problem, hemoglobin problem.
lack one or 2 proteins that make up hemoglobin
MANIFESTATIONS: heart failure, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bone deformities,
jaundice, fatigue, dyspnea
