Exam 1 NPRO 1100 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2026/2027
Types of CVA/Stroke - Answers ischemic, hemorrhagic, transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Ischemic Stroke - Answers Most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow
of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery.
Ischemic Stroke symptoms - Answers -Loss of strength/sensation on one side of body
-Problems with speech and language
-Changes in vision and balance
Hemorrhagic stroke - Answers Type of CVA that occurs when a weakened blood vessel, such as
an aneurysm, ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding tissue of the brain.
Types of Hemorrhagic Stroke - Answers 1. Intracerebral (10%): results from rupture of small
arterioles
2. Subarachnoid (3%): rupture of arterial aneurysms (hemorrhage into subarachnoid space)
Intracerebral hemorrhage - Answers bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood
vessel within the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage - Answers Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
Hemorrhagic stroke symptoms - Answers Impaired LOC, headache, nausea/vomiting, mobility,
speech patterns, one sided weakness, blood pressure, respiratory status, pulse rate
Intracranial (Cerebral) Aneurysm - Answers Dilation of the walls of a cerebral artery that
develops as a result of weakness in the arterial wall
arteriovenous malformation - Answers one of the causes of hemorrhagic stroke; abnormal
connection between the arteries and veins in the brain is usually congenital and can rupture
suddenly at any age
intracranial pressure - Answers the amount of pressure inside the skull
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Answers brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain,
usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment);
often precedes a CVA
Types of ischemic stroke - Answers -Large artery thrombosis
-Small penetrating artery thrombosis
-Cardiogenic embolism
, -Cryptogenic
-Others
Large artery thrombosis - Answers A type of ischemic stroke that occurs due to atherosclerosis
of the large blood vessels within the brain and thrombosis formation.
Small penetrating artery thrombosis - Answers Also called lacunar stroke; a type of ischemic
stroke that affects one or more small vessels. Common form of ischemic stroke.
Cryptogenic stroke - Answers an ischemic stroke whose cause cannot be attributed to a
specific source of embolism, thrombosis, or small artery disease even with extensive medical
testing
cardiogenic embolic stroke - Answers traveling blood clot lodges within a vessel; frequently
affects the middle cerebral artery; most emboli originate in the left ventricle; can originate from
fatty plaque within carotid arteries; see sudden onset with immediate maximum deficit
ischemic cascade - Answers Each step represents an opportunity for intervention to limit the
extent of secondary brain damage caused by a stroke
penumbra region - Answers area of low cerebral blood flow existing around area of infarction
where the cascade of ischemic stroke begins; the bigger it is, the more damage that occurs and
the longer the blockage occurs
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) administration - Answers Alteplase, within 3 hours of onset
of clinical symptoms of ischemic stroke (within 45 minutes of arrival at ED- may extend to 4.5
hours in some cases)
hemiplegia - Answers paralysis of one side of the body
hemiparesis - Answers weakness on one side of the body
expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia) - Answers The inability to produce language ( despite
being able to understand language)
receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia) - Answers Inability to understand verbal or written words.
Impaired auditory comprehension and feedback
Global/Mixed Aphasia - Answers Combination of both receptive and expressive aphasia
Dysarthria - Answers the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss
of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system
dysphasia - Answers speech difficulty resulting from brain injury
Apraxia - Answers inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage.
Types of CVA/Stroke - Answers ischemic, hemorrhagic, transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Ischemic Stroke - Answers Most common type of stroke in older people, occurs when the flow
of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery.
Ischemic Stroke symptoms - Answers -Loss of strength/sensation on one side of body
-Problems with speech and language
-Changes in vision and balance
Hemorrhagic stroke - Answers Type of CVA that occurs when a weakened blood vessel, such as
an aneurysm, ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding tissue of the brain.
Types of Hemorrhagic Stroke - Answers 1. Intracerebral (10%): results from rupture of small
arterioles
2. Subarachnoid (3%): rupture of arterial aneurysms (hemorrhage into subarachnoid space)
Intracerebral hemorrhage - Answers bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood
vessel within the brain
subarachnoid hemorrhage - Answers Bleeding into the subarachnoid space, where the
cerebrospinal fluid circulates.
Hemorrhagic stroke symptoms - Answers Impaired LOC, headache, nausea/vomiting, mobility,
speech patterns, one sided weakness, blood pressure, respiratory status, pulse rate
Intracranial (Cerebral) Aneurysm - Answers Dilation of the walls of a cerebral artery that
develops as a result of weakness in the arterial wall
arteriovenous malformation - Answers one of the causes of hemorrhagic stroke; abnormal
connection between the arteries and veins in the brain is usually congenital and can rupture
suddenly at any age
intracranial pressure - Answers the amount of pressure inside the skull
Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Answers brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain,
usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment);
often precedes a CVA
Types of ischemic stroke - Answers -Large artery thrombosis
-Small penetrating artery thrombosis
-Cardiogenic embolism
, -Cryptogenic
-Others
Large artery thrombosis - Answers A type of ischemic stroke that occurs due to atherosclerosis
of the large blood vessels within the brain and thrombosis formation.
Small penetrating artery thrombosis - Answers Also called lacunar stroke; a type of ischemic
stroke that affects one or more small vessels. Common form of ischemic stroke.
Cryptogenic stroke - Answers an ischemic stroke whose cause cannot be attributed to a
specific source of embolism, thrombosis, or small artery disease even with extensive medical
testing
cardiogenic embolic stroke - Answers traveling blood clot lodges within a vessel; frequently
affects the middle cerebral artery; most emboli originate in the left ventricle; can originate from
fatty plaque within carotid arteries; see sudden onset with immediate maximum deficit
ischemic cascade - Answers Each step represents an opportunity for intervention to limit the
extent of secondary brain damage caused by a stroke
penumbra region - Answers area of low cerebral blood flow existing around area of infarction
where the cascade of ischemic stroke begins; the bigger it is, the more damage that occurs and
the longer the blockage occurs
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (t-PA) administration - Answers Alteplase, within 3 hours of onset
of clinical symptoms of ischemic stroke (within 45 minutes of arrival at ED- may extend to 4.5
hours in some cases)
hemiplegia - Answers paralysis of one side of the body
hemiparesis - Answers weakness on one side of the body
expressive aphasia (Broca's aphasia) - Answers The inability to produce language ( despite
being able to understand language)
receptive aphasia (Wernicke's aphasia) - Answers Inability to understand verbal or written words.
Impaired auditory comprehension and feedback
Global/Mixed Aphasia - Answers Combination of both receptive and expressive aphasia
Dysarthria - Answers the inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss
of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system
dysphasia - Answers speech difficulty resulting from brain injury
Apraxia - Answers inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage.
