Nurs 615 Pharm Exam 1 – Maryville
Latest 2023 (100% Correct Answers)
What is the fasted route of absorption: - ANSWER-The fastest route of absorption is
inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - ANSWER-The GI tract is lined with
epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into
the circulatory system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? -
ANSWER-the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form
a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small
and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its
absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
What is solubility? - ANSWER-Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors
neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to
facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - ANSWER-
Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI
mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - ANSWER-whether the
drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell
membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-
brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - ANSWER-proteins such
as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The
portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect.
Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-
bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - ANSWER-
CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about
75% of the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - ANSWER-For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices
including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4
mediated metabolism of certain medications leading to increased bioavailability and the
strong possibility of overdosing.
, How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - ANSWER-Low albumin
= more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse
effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - ANSWER-is considered a contraindication to administer
that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - ANSWER-Half-life specifically means the amount of time it
takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - ANSWER-the time between drug administration and maximum
concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - ANSWER-the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug
below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug in your
system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - ANSWER-The
first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - ANSWER-specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - ANSWER-choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER-Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER-Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER-Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - ANSWER-The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
Phase 2 of drug development: - ANSWER-trials with people who have the disease for
which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - ANSWER-Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information
about infrequent or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if
phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - ANSWER-This phase is voluntary and involves
postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3.
The pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care
professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some
Latest 2023 (100% Correct Answers)
What is the fasted route of absorption: - ANSWER-The fastest route of absorption is
inhalation, and not as mistakenly considered the IV administration.
Why does the GI tract take longer to absorb? - ANSWER-The GI tract is lined with
epithelial cells; drugs must permeate through these cells in order to be absorbed into
the circulatory system.
What is One particular cellular barrier that may prevent absorption of a given drug? -
ANSWER-the cell membrane. Cell membranes are essentially lipid bilayers which form
a semipermeable membrane. Pure lipid bilayers are generally permeable only to small
and uncharged solutes, hence whether or not a molecule is ionized will affect its
absorption, since ionic molecules are charged.
What is solubility? - ANSWER-Solubility favors charged species, permeability favors
neutral species. Some molecules have special exchange proteins and channels to
facilitate movement from the lumen into the circulation.
Why does absorption occur at a slower rate for oral, IM, SQ routes? - ANSWER-
Absorption occurs at a slower rate because the complex membrane systems of GI
mucosal layers, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
The ability of a drug to cross a cell membrane depends on: - ANSWER-whether the
drug is water or lipid (fat) soluble. Lipid-soluble drugs easily cross through cell
membranes; water-soluble drugs can't. Lipid-soluble drugs can also cross the blood-
brain barrier and enter the brain.
As a drug travels through the body, it comes in contact with? - ANSWER-proteins such
as the plasma protein albumin. The drug can remain free or bind to the protein. The
portion of a drug that's bound to a protein is inactive and can't exert a therapeutic effect.
Only the free, or unbound, portion remains active. A drug is said to be highly protein-
bound if more than 80% of the drug is bound to protein.
Identify drug metabolism and the role of isoenzymes in the p450 system - ANSWER-
CYPs are the are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism accounting for about
75% of the total metabolism.
Naturally occurring compounds may induce or inhibit CYP activity. - ANSWER-For
example, bioactive compounds found in grapefruit juice and some other fruit juices
including dihydroxy forgotten and parasitin A have been found to inhibit CYP3a4
mediated metabolism of certain medications leading to increased bioavailability and the
strong possibility of overdosing.
, How does hypoalbuminemia affect the process of prescribing? - ANSWER-Low albumin
= more free drug (bc the drug can't bind to albumin aka protein) = increased adverse
effects
What is a Black Box Warning: - ANSWER-is considered a contraindication to administer
that drug.
What is the drugs half-life? - ANSWER-Half-life specifically means the amount of time it
takes for an administered drug to be halfway cleared from the system.
Peak of action: - ANSWER-the time between drug administration and maximum
concentration of drug in the blood stream. Best therapeutic effect.
Duration of action: - ANSWER-the time between onset of action and metabolism of drug
below the minimum needed for an effect. The length of time you have the drug in your
system.
According to the WHO what is the first step in the prescribing process? - ANSWER-The
first step is to define the patient's problem
The second step is to - ANSWER-specify the therapeutic objective
The third step is to - ANSWER-choose which drug or treatment is needed.
Step 4 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER-Start the treatment
Step 5 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER-Educate the patient
Step 6 of the WHO approach: - ANSWER-Monitor the treatment
Phase 1 of drug development: - ANSWER-The drug is tested on healthy volunteers
Phase 2 of drug development: - ANSWER-trials with people who have the disease for
which the drug is thought to be effective
Phase 3 of drug development: - ANSWER-Large numbers of patients in medical
research centers receive the drug in phase 3. This larger sampling provides information
about infrequent or rare adverse effects. The FFA will approve a new drug application if
phase 3 studies are satisfactory.
Phase 4 of drug development: - ANSWER-This phase is voluntary and involves
postmarket surveillance of the drug's therapeutic effects at the completion of phase 3.
The pharmaceutical company receives reports from doctors and other health care
professionals about the therapeutic results and adverse effects of the drug. Some
