PHARMACOLOGY A PATIENT-CENTERED
NURSING PROCESS APPROACH 2026 FINAL
REVIEW EXAM
◉ Interrelated roles of nurses. Answer: communicator, teacher,
counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
◉ coping with disability and death. Answer: nurses use optimal
function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community
support systems; provide care to families and patients during end-
of-life care, hospice
◉ The Nursing Process. Answer: -one of major guidelines for
nursing practice
-helps nurses implement their roles
-integrates art and science of nursing
-allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
-defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
◉ Nurse Practice Acts. Answer: -define legal scope of nursing
practice
-create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and
regulation
,-define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal
requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs
- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses
◉ 5 vital signs. Answer: respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure,
temperature, and pain
◉ Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria.
Answer: -well defined body specific and unique knowledge
-strong service orientation
-recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
-code of ethics
-professional organization that sets standards
-ongoing research
-autonomy and self-regulation
◉ Florence Nightingale. Answer: defined nursing as both an art and
science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding
nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing
◉ Clara Barton. Answer: established red cross; volunteered to care
for wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war; served as
supervisor of nurses for the army of James
,◉ sources of knowledge. Answer: -traditional ( passed down from
generation to generation)
-authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on
person's perceived expertise
-scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research)
◉ objective. Answer: you can see the object
◉ subjective. Answer: coming from that subject
◉ types of knowledge. Answer: -science (observing, identifying,
describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences that
are perceived in world)
-philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the
processes used to develop and construct on perception on life)
-process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring
about a desired result)
◉ goals of nursing research. Answer: -improve care in clinical
setting
-study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics,
nursing history
-develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
-provide evidence-based nursing practice
, ◉ deductive reasoning. Answer: examines a general idea and then
considers specific actions or ideas
◉ inductive reasoning. Answer: one builds from specific ideas or
actions to conclusions about general ideas
◉ health. Answer: a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
◉ illness. Answer: the unique response of a person to a disease; an
abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
◉ wellness. Answer: an active state of being healthy by living a
lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
◉ nursing theory. Answer: differentiates nursing from other
disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing,
explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing
care practices
◉ evidence-based practice (EBP). Answer: a problem-solving
approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence
available; blends both science and art of nursing so best outcomes
NURSING PROCESS APPROACH 2026 FINAL
REVIEW EXAM
◉ Interrelated roles of nurses. Answer: communicator, teacher,
counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, collaborator
◉ coping with disability and death. Answer: nurses use optimal
function of maximum strengths and potentials, refer to community
support systems; provide care to families and patients during end-
of-life care, hospice
◉ The Nursing Process. Answer: -one of major guidelines for
nursing practice
-helps nurses implement their roles
-integrates art and science of nursing
-allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning
-defines the areas of care that are within the domain of nursing
◉ Nurse Practice Acts. Answer: -define legal scope of nursing
practice
-create state board of nursing to make and enforce rules and
regulation
,-define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal
requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs
- established criteria for the education and licensure of nurses
◉ 5 vital signs. Answer: respirations, pulse rate, blood pressure,
temperature, and pain
◉ Nursing is recognized as profession based on what criteria.
Answer: -well defined body specific and unique knowledge
-strong service orientation
-recognized authority by a professional group (ANA)
-code of ethics
-professional organization that sets standards
-ongoing research
-autonomy and self-regulation
◉ Florence Nightingale. Answer: defined nursing as both an art and
science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding
nursing education, published books; founder of modern nursing
◉ Clara Barton. Answer: established red cross; volunteered to care
for wounds and feed union soldiers during civil war; served as
supervisor of nurses for the army of James
,◉ sources of knowledge. Answer: -traditional ( passed down from
generation to generation)
-authoritative- comes from an expert, accepted as truth based on
person's perceived expertise
-scientific (obtained through the scientific method-research)
◉ objective. Answer: you can see the object
◉ subjective. Answer: coming from that subject
◉ types of knowledge. Answer: -science (observing, identifying,
describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurences that
are perceived in world)
-philosophy (the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the
processes used to develop and construct on perception on life)
-process (a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring
about a desired result)
◉ goals of nursing research. Answer: -improve care in clinical
setting
-study ppl and nurse process: education, policy development, ethics,
nursing history
-develop greater autonomy and strength as a profession
-provide evidence-based nursing practice
, ◉ deductive reasoning. Answer: examines a general idea and then
considers specific actions or ideas
◉ inductive reasoning. Answer: one builds from specific ideas or
actions to conclusions about general ideas
◉ health. Answer: a state of complete physical, mental, and social
well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
◉ illness. Answer: the unique response of a person to a disease; an
abnormal process involving changed level of functioning
◉ wellness. Answer: an active state of being healthy by living a
lifestyle promoting good physical, mental, and emotional health
◉ nursing theory. Answer: differentiates nursing from other
disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing,
explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing
care practices
◉ evidence-based practice (EBP). Answer: a problem-solving
approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence
available; blends both science and art of nursing so best outcomes
