Fundamentals of Nursing Final Exam – Practice Questions & Answers version 2
(2025/2026 update) – Latest Questions & Answers| Questions & Answers|
Grade A+| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Question 1
Which phrase best explains the term proprioception?
A) The ability to see objects clearly at a distance
B) Awareness of the position of the body and its parts
C) The ability to perceive pain through skin receptors
D) The regulation of body temperature via the hypothalamus
E) The involuntary movement of muscles during a reflex
Correct Answer: B) Awareness of the position of the body and its parts
Rationale: Proprioception is the body's ability to sense its own movements and orientation
in space. It is mediated by proprioceptors (sensory nerve terminals) located within muscles,
tendons, and joints, allowing an individual to know where their limbs are located without
looking at them.
Question 2
Which position change will require the nurse to implement precautions to prevent orthostatic
hypotension in a patient reporting dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea?
A) Prone to supine
B) Horizontal to vertical
C) Left lateral to right lateral
D) Fowler’s to semi-Fowler’s
E) Supine to Trendelenburg
Correct Answer: B) Horizontal to vertical
Rationale: Orthostatic hypotension occurs when a patient's blood pressure drops
significantly upon standing or sitting up. Changing from a horizontal (lying down) to a
vertical (standing) position causes blood to pool in the lower extremities, reducing venous
return and cardiac output, which leads to dizziness and nausea.
Question 3
The nurse understands that an immobile patient is at high risk of thrombus formation. Which
factors contribute to this risk (Virchow's Triad)?
A) Increased heart rate, hypertension, and hyperthermia
B) Alteration of blood flow, damage to vessel walls, and alteration of blood constituents
C) Decreased fluid intake, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiency
D) Active range of motion, early ambulation, and hydration
E) Low sodium levels, high potassium levels, and alkalosis
Correct Answer: B) Alteration of blood flow, damage to vessel walls, and alteration of blood
constituents
, 2
Rationale: Known as Virchow's Triad, these three factors are the primary causes of venous
thrombosis. Immobility causes stasis (slowing of blood flow), while clinical procedures or
trauma can damage vessel walls, and dehydration or certain pathologies can increase blood
viscosity (alteration of constituents).
Question 4
A patient is undergoing treatment in a long-term care facility. Which type of immobility
complication is most likely to develop in an immobilized patient regarding skin integrity?
A) Contact dermatitis
B) Psoriasis
C) Pressure ulcers
D) Scabies
E) Cellulitis
Correct Answer: C) Pressure ulcers
Rationale: Immobility leads to prolonged pressure on bony prominences, which restricts
blood flow to the tissues (ischemia). This lack of oxygen and nutrients causes tissue death
and the formation of pressure ulcers (also known as decubitus ulcers).
Question 5
Which intervention would the nurse perform to reduce the risk of thrombus formation in a
bedridden patient?
A) Restrict fluid intake to 500 mL per day
B) Keep the patient’s legs in a dependent position
C) Use elastic stockings and perform regular leg/foot exercises
D) Administer high doses of Vitamin K
E) Discourage any movement of the lower extremities
Correct Answer: C) Use elastic stockings and perform regular leg/foot exercises
Rationale: Elastic stockings (TED hose) provide external pressure to promote venous
return. Regular exercises (ankle pumps, foot circles) use the "skeletal muscle pump" to
push blood back toward the heart, preventing the stasis that leads to clots. Adequate
hydration also keeps blood viscosity low.
Question 6
Which action is a fundamental principle of proper body mechanics when lifting or carrying
objects?
A) Keep the feet close together
B) Bend at the waist while keeping legs straight
C) Maintain a wide base of support
D) Hold the object as far from the body as possible
E) Twist the trunk while lifting to distribute weight
, 3
Correct Answer: C) Maintain a wide base of support
Rationale: A wide base of support (placing feet at shoulder width) lowers the center of
gravity and increases stability. This reduces the strain on the back and prevents loss of
balance while handling heavy loads.
Question 7
Which group of patients is statistically most at risk of suffering severe injuries related to falls?
A) Toddlers
B) Adolescents
C) Young adults
D) Older adults
E) Middle-aged athletes
Correct Answer: D) Older adults
Rationale: Older adults are at higher risk due to factors such as reduced muscle strength,
impaired balance, sensory loss (vision/hearing), and the presence of comorbid conditions or
polypharmacy. Injuries in this group, such as hip fractures, often lead to a significant
decline in functional status.
Question 8
A patient on bed rest attempts to walk and becomes dizzy and nauseated, with a pulse increase
from 85 to 110 bpm. What does the nurse suspect?
A) Hypervolemia
B) Orthostatic hypotension
C) Deep vein thrombosis
D) Hypostatic pneumonia
E) Urinary tract infection
Correct Answer: B) Orthostatic hypotension
Rationale: Dizziness, nausea, and tachycardia (increased heart rate) upon standing after
prolonged bed rest are classic indicators of orthostatic hypotension. The heart rate
increases to compensate for the drop in blood pressure as the body struggles to maintain
cerebral perfusion.
Question 9
How can a nurse reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries when transferring a patient?
A) Bend at the waist and pull the patient
B) Keep the trunk erect and bend the knees
C) Lift with the back muscles rather than the legs
D) Perform the transfer alone to ensure total control
E) Stand as far away from the patient as possible
, 4
Correct Answer: B) Keep the trunk erect and bend the knees
Rationale: Using the large, strong muscles of the thighs and legs (by bending the knees)
rather than the smaller muscles of the lower back (by bending the waist) protects the spine
from injury. Keeping the trunk erect maintains the natural curve of the spine.
Question 10
The nurse suspects a patient has "footdrop." Which assessment finding supports this suspicion?
A) The foot is permanently fixed in dorsiflexion
B) The patient is unable to move their toes
C) The foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
D) The patient has an absence of a pedal pulse
E) The foot appears pale and cold to the touch
Correct Answer: C) The foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
Rationale: Footdrop is a contracture where the foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
(toes pointed downward). This often occurs in immobile patients if the feet are not
supported in a neutral position by footboards or high-top sneakers.
Question 11
The nurse observes a caregiver changing a patient's gown after incontinence while the room door
is open to the hallway. Which problem should be addressed first?
A) The patient’s nutritional status
B) The patient’s lack of exercise
C) The violation of the patient's privacy
D) The type of soap being used
E) The caregiver’s choice of gown color
Correct Answer: C) The violation of the patient's privacy
Rationale: Maintaining patient dignity and privacy is a core nursing responsibility. Leaving
the door open during hygiene care or exposure is a violation of privacy. The nurse must
intervene to close the door or provide a curtain before continuing.
Question 12
A teenager reports perspiring heavily in the underarm area. How should the nurse respond?
A) "This indicates a severe hormonal imbalance."
B) "You should stop exercising immediately."
C) "This is typical at your age; you could begin using an antiperspirant daily."
D) "You need to be screened for a skin infection."
E) "Avoid bathing more than once a week."
Correct Answer: C) "This is typical at your age; you could begin using an antiperspirant
daily."
(2025/2026 update) – Latest Questions & Answers| Questions & Answers|
Grade A+| 100% Correct (Verified Solutions)-
Question 1
Which phrase best explains the term proprioception?
A) The ability to see objects clearly at a distance
B) Awareness of the position of the body and its parts
C) The ability to perceive pain through skin receptors
D) The regulation of body temperature via the hypothalamus
E) The involuntary movement of muscles during a reflex
Correct Answer: B) Awareness of the position of the body and its parts
Rationale: Proprioception is the body's ability to sense its own movements and orientation
in space. It is mediated by proprioceptors (sensory nerve terminals) located within muscles,
tendons, and joints, allowing an individual to know where their limbs are located without
looking at them.
Question 2
Which position change will require the nurse to implement precautions to prevent orthostatic
hypotension in a patient reporting dizziness, lightheadedness, and nausea?
A) Prone to supine
B) Horizontal to vertical
C) Left lateral to right lateral
D) Fowler’s to semi-Fowler’s
E) Supine to Trendelenburg
Correct Answer: B) Horizontal to vertical
Rationale: Orthostatic hypotension occurs when a patient's blood pressure drops
significantly upon standing or sitting up. Changing from a horizontal (lying down) to a
vertical (standing) position causes blood to pool in the lower extremities, reducing venous
return and cardiac output, which leads to dizziness and nausea.
Question 3
The nurse understands that an immobile patient is at high risk of thrombus formation. Which
factors contribute to this risk (Virchow's Triad)?
A) Increased heart rate, hypertension, and hyperthermia
B) Alteration of blood flow, damage to vessel walls, and alteration of blood constituents
C) Decreased fluid intake, malnutrition, and vitamin deficiency
D) Active range of motion, early ambulation, and hydration
E) Low sodium levels, high potassium levels, and alkalosis
Correct Answer: B) Alteration of blood flow, damage to vessel walls, and alteration of blood
constituents
, 2
Rationale: Known as Virchow's Triad, these three factors are the primary causes of venous
thrombosis. Immobility causes stasis (slowing of blood flow), while clinical procedures or
trauma can damage vessel walls, and dehydration or certain pathologies can increase blood
viscosity (alteration of constituents).
Question 4
A patient is undergoing treatment in a long-term care facility. Which type of immobility
complication is most likely to develop in an immobilized patient regarding skin integrity?
A) Contact dermatitis
B) Psoriasis
C) Pressure ulcers
D) Scabies
E) Cellulitis
Correct Answer: C) Pressure ulcers
Rationale: Immobility leads to prolonged pressure on bony prominences, which restricts
blood flow to the tissues (ischemia). This lack of oxygen and nutrients causes tissue death
and the formation of pressure ulcers (also known as decubitus ulcers).
Question 5
Which intervention would the nurse perform to reduce the risk of thrombus formation in a
bedridden patient?
A) Restrict fluid intake to 500 mL per day
B) Keep the patient’s legs in a dependent position
C) Use elastic stockings and perform regular leg/foot exercises
D) Administer high doses of Vitamin K
E) Discourage any movement of the lower extremities
Correct Answer: C) Use elastic stockings and perform regular leg/foot exercises
Rationale: Elastic stockings (TED hose) provide external pressure to promote venous
return. Regular exercises (ankle pumps, foot circles) use the "skeletal muscle pump" to
push blood back toward the heart, preventing the stasis that leads to clots. Adequate
hydration also keeps blood viscosity low.
Question 6
Which action is a fundamental principle of proper body mechanics when lifting or carrying
objects?
A) Keep the feet close together
B) Bend at the waist while keeping legs straight
C) Maintain a wide base of support
D) Hold the object as far from the body as possible
E) Twist the trunk while lifting to distribute weight
, 3
Correct Answer: C) Maintain a wide base of support
Rationale: A wide base of support (placing feet at shoulder width) lowers the center of
gravity and increases stability. This reduces the strain on the back and prevents loss of
balance while handling heavy loads.
Question 7
Which group of patients is statistically most at risk of suffering severe injuries related to falls?
A) Toddlers
B) Adolescents
C) Young adults
D) Older adults
E) Middle-aged athletes
Correct Answer: D) Older adults
Rationale: Older adults are at higher risk due to factors such as reduced muscle strength,
impaired balance, sensory loss (vision/hearing), and the presence of comorbid conditions or
polypharmacy. Injuries in this group, such as hip fractures, often lead to a significant
decline in functional status.
Question 8
A patient on bed rest attempts to walk and becomes dizzy and nauseated, with a pulse increase
from 85 to 110 bpm. What does the nurse suspect?
A) Hypervolemia
B) Orthostatic hypotension
C) Deep vein thrombosis
D) Hypostatic pneumonia
E) Urinary tract infection
Correct Answer: B) Orthostatic hypotension
Rationale: Dizziness, nausea, and tachycardia (increased heart rate) upon standing after
prolonged bed rest are classic indicators of orthostatic hypotension. The heart rate
increases to compensate for the drop in blood pressure as the body struggles to maintain
cerebral perfusion.
Question 9
How can a nurse reduce the risk of musculoskeletal injuries when transferring a patient?
A) Bend at the waist and pull the patient
B) Keep the trunk erect and bend the knees
C) Lift with the back muscles rather than the legs
D) Perform the transfer alone to ensure total control
E) Stand as far away from the patient as possible
, 4
Correct Answer: B) Keep the trunk erect and bend the knees
Rationale: Using the large, strong muscles of the thighs and legs (by bending the knees)
rather than the smaller muscles of the lower back (by bending the waist) protects the spine
from injury. Keeping the trunk erect maintains the natural curve of the spine.
Question 10
The nurse suspects a patient has "footdrop." Which assessment finding supports this suspicion?
A) The foot is permanently fixed in dorsiflexion
B) The patient is unable to move their toes
C) The foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
D) The patient has an absence of a pedal pulse
E) The foot appears pale and cold to the touch
Correct Answer: C) The foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
Rationale: Footdrop is a contracture where the foot is permanently fixed in plantar flexion
(toes pointed downward). This often occurs in immobile patients if the feet are not
supported in a neutral position by footboards or high-top sneakers.
Question 11
The nurse observes a caregiver changing a patient's gown after incontinence while the room door
is open to the hallway. Which problem should be addressed first?
A) The patient’s nutritional status
B) The patient’s lack of exercise
C) The violation of the patient's privacy
D) The type of soap being used
E) The caregiver’s choice of gown color
Correct Answer: C) The violation of the patient's privacy
Rationale: Maintaining patient dignity and privacy is a core nursing responsibility. Leaving
the door open during hygiene care or exposure is a violation of privacy. The nurse must
intervene to close the door or provide a curtain before continuing.
Question 12
A teenager reports perspiring heavily in the underarm area. How should the nurse respond?
A) "This indicates a severe hormonal imbalance."
B) "You should stop exercising immediately."
C) "This is typical at your age; you could begin using an antiperspirant daily."
D) "You need to be screened for a skin infection."
E) "Avoid bathing more than once a week."
Correct Answer: C) "This is typical at your age; you could begin using an antiperspirant
daily."
