PHAR 100 Final Exam Questions And 100% Correct Answers
2026/2027 UPDATED.
Path of drug from when it enters to exits the body - ANSWER 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption - ANSWER the passage of the drug from the site of administration into the
bloodstream
Distribution - ANSWER passage of a drug from blood to the site of action and other
tissues
Metabolism - ANSWER transformation of a drug to a different chemical compound.
Excretion - The movement of the drug and its metabolites out of the body
Routes of drug administration - 1. Topical
-On the skin
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
2. Enteral
-Oral
-Suppository
-Buccal
,3. Parenteral
-IV
-IM
-Subcutaneous
Why and how do adverse drug reactions occur? - ANSWER Example: a receptor is
activated in a blood vessel by a drug designed to treat hypertension. The rector is
activated by the ligand that is bound to it, and the blood pressure is lowered. However
this receptor may located in other areas of the body. The subsequent activation of this
receptor in other areas of the body is an example of an adverse effect.
Adverse effects - ANSWER 1. Extension of therapeutic effect
2. Unrelated to main drug action
3. Allergic reaction
4. Dependence and addiction
5. Teratogenesis
6. Adverse biotransformation reactions
Why does drug variability exist - ANSWER 1. Genetic Factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Diseased states (cardiovascular or kidney disease for example)
4. Altered Physiological state
-pregnant or elderly
5. Other drugs present (competition)
The process of developing a new drug - ANSWER 1. Pre-clinical testing
-safety and potential efficacy in lab animals
2. Phase I Clinical Trial
, -safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers
3. Phase II
-effectiveness and safety in a small number of patients
4. Phase III
-effectiveness and safety in a large number of patients
5. Phase IV
-post market surveillance for adverse effects and safety
How do drugs restore/modify the normal function of the nervous system? - ANSWER
Drugs are able to restore the normal function of the nervous system through re-uptake
of neurotransmitters by post-synaptic neurons. An example of this would be taking an
SSRI for depression.
Drugs can also affect the activity of the nervous system by interfering with the natural
levels of neurotransmitters through the use of illegal and/or prescription drugs. An
example of this would be taking an narcotic analgesic such as morphine to alleviate
post-op pain.
What characteristics of a drug contribute to abuse and dependence? - ANSWER 1.
Tolerance
2. Withdrawal
3. Loss of control (compulsion)
Sedative-hynoptics - ANSWER a class of drugs that work by promoting GABA to
produce anti anxiolytic effects
2026/2027 UPDATED.
Path of drug from when it enters to exits the body - ANSWER 1. Absorption
2. Distribution
3. Metabolism
4. Excretion
Absorption - ANSWER the passage of the drug from the site of administration into the
bloodstream
Distribution - ANSWER passage of a drug from blood to the site of action and other
tissues
Metabolism - ANSWER transformation of a drug to a different chemical compound.
Excretion - The movement of the drug and its metabolites out of the body
Routes of drug administration - 1. Topical
-On the skin
-Transdermal
-Inhalation
2. Enteral
-Oral
-Suppository
-Buccal
,3. Parenteral
-IV
-IM
-Subcutaneous
Why and how do adverse drug reactions occur? - ANSWER Example: a receptor is
activated in a blood vessel by a drug designed to treat hypertension. The rector is
activated by the ligand that is bound to it, and the blood pressure is lowered. However
this receptor may located in other areas of the body. The subsequent activation of this
receptor in other areas of the body is an example of an adverse effect.
Adverse effects - ANSWER 1. Extension of therapeutic effect
2. Unrelated to main drug action
3. Allergic reaction
4. Dependence and addiction
5. Teratogenesis
6. Adverse biotransformation reactions
Why does drug variability exist - ANSWER 1. Genetic Factors
2. Environmental factors
3. Diseased states (cardiovascular or kidney disease for example)
4. Altered Physiological state
-pregnant or elderly
5. Other drugs present (competition)
The process of developing a new drug - ANSWER 1. Pre-clinical testing
-safety and potential efficacy in lab animals
2. Phase I Clinical Trial
, -safety and tolerability in healthy volunteers
3. Phase II
-effectiveness and safety in a small number of patients
4. Phase III
-effectiveness and safety in a large number of patients
5. Phase IV
-post market surveillance for adverse effects and safety
How do drugs restore/modify the normal function of the nervous system? - ANSWER
Drugs are able to restore the normal function of the nervous system through re-uptake
of neurotransmitters by post-synaptic neurons. An example of this would be taking an
SSRI for depression.
Drugs can also affect the activity of the nervous system by interfering with the natural
levels of neurotransmitters through the use of illegal and/or prescription drugs. An
example of this would be taking an narcotic analgesic such as morphine to alleviate
post-op pain.
What characteristics of a drug contribute to abuse and dependence? - ANSWER 1.
Tolerance
2. Withdrawal
3. Loss of control (compulsion)
Sedative-hynoptics - ANSWER a class of drugs that work by promoting GABA to
produce anti anxiolytic effects
