NAVLE ACTUAL EXAM PAPER 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED SOLUTIONS
◉ The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis,
endotoxemia, and diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload
and appropriate therapy to evacuate any remaining stomach contents,
ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis should be instituted
immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly administered.
Answer:
◉ The correct answer is C6-T2. In a dog, the spinal cord is divided into
the four regions listed above. Upper motor neuron signs include hyper-
reflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone. Lower motor
neuron signs include decreased or absent spinal reflexes and decreased
muscle tone. A lesion between the C6-T2 spinal cord segments would
result in lower motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and upper motor
neuron signs in the pelvic limbs, as described in the patient in the
question.
A lesion between C1-C5 spinal cord segments would manifest as upper
motor neuron signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Lesions between
T3-L3 spinal cord segments would not affect the thoracic limbs, but
would manifest as upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Lesions
between L4-S3 spinal cord segments would result in normal thoracic
limbs and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Answer:
,◉ The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs
described are typical for pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of
this plant typically results in abnormalities in hepatic cell division; thus
resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis. Answer:
◉ The cat described likely has hepatic lipidosis. Cats that are greater
than 2 years of age and obese have the greatest risk for hepatic lipidosis.
Often these cats are indoor-only and have had a recent stress in their life.
An obese cat that is not eating with the above symptoms is most likely to
have hepatic lipidosis.
An ALP elevation that is greater in magnitude than GGT is also
suggestive of hepatic lipidosis. A bile duct obstruction,
cholangiohepatitis, lymphoma, and FIP are other differentials but are
less likely with the given information. Answer:
◉ If you see "Pseudo-diptheritic membranes" in the intestines think
Neonatal Salmonella
Look also for fever, diarrhea, especially with a "septic tank odor" and
systemic signs like septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis. Can die suddenly
without diarrhea.
Other rule outs for OLDER calves:
,-Coccidiosis: Older than 21days and in ALL ages, bloody diarrhea &
tenesmus
-Ostertagiasis: Anorexia, poor growth, diarrhea in less than 2yr old on
pasture-- a chronic disease
-BVD: Young cattle (6-24mo) with mucosal lesions & diarrhea
-Winter Dysentery: Explosive outbreak watery diarrhea with clotted dark
blood, stabled animals, all ages in winter
-Johne's disease: Intractable diarrhea, cachexia
Crypto is typically a disease of young, 1-4 week old. Answer:
◉ The answer is VII, III. Closure of the eyes is performed by the
orbicularis oculi muscle innervated by the facial nerve. Opening of the
eye is by the levator palpebrae superioris innervated by the oculomotor
nerve. The trigeminal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the eye.
Answer:
◉ Male Pheromones stimulate synchronous estrus in a female
population. Answer: Whitten Effect
, ◉ The tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies
following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male. Answer: Bruce
effect
◉ Suppression or prolongation of estrous cycles of mature female mice
when females are housed in groups & isolated from males. Answer: Lee-
Boot Effect
◉ What is the chromosome # of a dog? Answer: 78
◉ What is the chromosome # of a cow? Answer: 60
◉ What is the chromosome # of a llama or alpaca? Answer: 74
◉ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Answer:
◉ What is the chromosome # of a cat? Answer: 38
◉ This is a case of Actinomyces bovis or "lumpy jaw". The keys to the
diagnosis are the firm mass that is immobile over the mandible. The
presence of "sulfur granules" in the discharge is also a characteristic
finding with this disease. Unfortunately, simply making the diagnosis is
not sufficient to answer this question correctly. All of the answer choices
are potential treatments for lumpy jaw but this represents a moderate to
severe case which is unlikely to respond to treatment due to difficulty in
QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED SOLUTIONS
◉ The correct answer is laminitis secondary to endotoxemia. Laminitis,
endotoxemia, and diarrhea are commonly associated with grain overload
and appropriate therapy to evacuate any remaining stomach contents,
ameliorate endotoxin and prevent laminitis should be instituted
immediately. Laxatives such as mineral oil are commonly administered.
Answer:
◉ The correct answer is C6-T2. In a dog, the spinal cord is divided into
the four regions listed above. Upper motor neuron signs include hyper-
reflexia of spinal reflexes and increased muscle tone. Lower motor
neuron signs include decreased or absent spinal reflexes and decreased
muscle tone. A lesion between the C6-T2 spinal cord segments would
result in lower motor neuron signs in the thoracic limbs and upper motor
neuron signs in the pelvic limbs, as described in the patient in the
question.
A lesion between C1-C5 spinal cord segments would manifest as upper
motor neuron signs in the thoracic and pelvic limbs. Lesions between
T3-L3 spinal cord segments would not affect the thoracic limbs, but
would manifest as upper motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Lesions
between L4-S3 spinal cord segments would result in normal thoracic
limbs and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Answer:
,◉ The correct answer is pyrrolizidine alkaloid. The clinical signs
described are typical for pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity. Consumption of
this plant typically results in abnormalities in hepatic cell division; thus
resulting in large hepatocytes known as megalocytosis. Answer:
◉ The cat described likely has hepatic lipidosis. Cats that are greater
than 2 years of age and obese have the greatest risk for hepatic lipidosis.
Often these cats are indoor-only and have had a recent stress in their life.
An obese cat that is not eating with the above symptoms is most likely to
have hepatic lipidosis.
An ALP elevation that is greater in magnitude than GGT is also
suggestive of hepatic lipidosis. A bile duct obstruction,
cholangiohepatitis, lymphoma, and FIP are other differentials but are
less likely with the given information. Answer:
◉ If you see "Pseudo-diptheritic membranes" in the intestines think
Neonatal Salmonella
Look also for fever, diarrhea, especially with a "septic tank odor" and
systemic signs like septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis. Can die suddenly
without diarrhea.
Other rule outs for OLDER calves:
,-Coccidiosis: Older than 21days and in ALL ages, bloody diarrhea &
tenesmus
-Ostertagiasis: Anorexia, poor growth, diarrhea in less than 2yr old on
pasture-- a chronic disease
-BVD: Young cattle (6-24mo) with mucosal lesions & diarrhea
-Winter Dysentery: Explosive outbreak watery diarrhea with clotted dark
blood, stabled animals, all ages in winter
-Johne's disease: Intractable diarrhea, cachexia
Crypto is typically a disease of young, 1-4 week old. Answer:
◉ The answer is VII, III. Closure of the eyes is performed by the
orbicularis oculi muscle innervated by the facial nerve. Opening of the
eye is by the levator palpebrae superioris innervated by the oculomotor
nerve. The trigeminal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the eye.
Answer:
◉ Male Pheromones stimulate synchronous estrus in a female
population. Answer: Whitten Effect
, ◉ The tendency for female rodents to terminate their pregnancies
following exposure to the scent of an unfamiliar male. Answer: Bruce
effect
◉ Suppression or prolongation of estrous cycles of mature female mice
when females are housed in groups & isolated from males. Answer: Lee-
Boot Effect
◉ What is the chromosome # of a dog? Answer: 78
◉ What is the chromosome # of a cow? Answer: 60
◉ What is the chromosome # of a llama or alpaca? Answer: 74
◉ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Answer:
◉ What is the chromosome # of a cat? Answer: 38
◉ This is a case of Actinomyces bovis or "lumpy jaw". The keys to the
diagnosis are the firm mass that is immobile over the mandible. The
presence of "sulfur granules" in the discharge is also a characteristic
finding with this disease. Unfortunately, simply making the diagnosis is
not sufficient to answer this question correctly. All of the answer choices
are potential treatments for lumpy jaw but this represents a moderate to
severe case which is unlikely to respond to treatment due to difficulty in
