MDC 2 EXAM 1 2026 MASTER STUDY EXAM
◉ Digestive Enzymes. Answer: Trypsin - Digests protein
Amylase - Digests starch
Lipase - Digests fat
◉ GI disorders increase with age, including.... Answer: Dysphagia
Anorexia
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Colonic motility issues
◉ Signs of oral cancer. Answer: white/red plaques, ulcers, nodules
◉ MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Answer: Noninvasive, ideal
for soft tissues, blood vessels, and GI bleeding sources.
◉ CT Scan (Computed Tomography). Answer: Produces cross-
sectional abdominal images; useful for detecting appendicitis,
diverticulitis, liver/kidney/pancreas issues, etc.
◉ Lower GI Tract Study (Barium Enema). Answer: Evaluates colon
for tumors, polyps, or structural issues.
,◉ Upper GI Tract Study. Answer: Uses barium (or other agents) and
fluoroscopy to assess esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for
abnormalities (e.g., ulcers, tumors, motility disorders).
◉ Colonoscopy. Answer: Procedure: Patient lies on left side with
knees drawn up. A flexible scope is used to visualize the colon;
biopsies or brushings can be taken.
Complications: Can include cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory
depression, vasovagal reactions, and circulatory imbalance.
◉ Pedigree. Answer: A diagrammatic representation of a family
history
◉ Epigenetics. Answer: Changes in gene expression caused by
environment or behavior (without altering DNA itself).
◉ Genomics. Answer: Study of all genes, their interactions, and how
they interact with the environment.
◉ How does personalized medicine differ in the Genomic Era?.
Answer: Focuses on gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
Identifies disease risks early
Targets treatment to individual genetic profiles
, Shifts from treating symptoms to preventing disease
◉ Nurses use genomics to individualize care such as.... Answer:
considering family history of cardiovascular disease and recognizing
genetic factors like lipid metabolism or clotting disorders.
◉ Monosomy. Answer: Missing a chromosome (e.g., Turner
syndrome = only one X chromosome in females).
◉ Sickle cell disease. Answer: Caused by a small mutation in the
hemoglobin gene.
Leads to production of abnormal hemoglobin S.
Results in severe anemia and organ damage due to poor oxygen
delivery (hypoxia).
◉ Incomplete (reduced) penetrance. Answer: Not all individuals
with the mutation develop symptoms (e.g., BRCA1 mutation carriers
have up to 80% risk, not 100%).
◉ multifactorial inheritance. Answer: Result of genetic and
environmental factors; no clear inheritance pattern; may recur in
families
Congenital heart defects, diabetes, cleft lip/palate, Alzheimer's
disease, high blood pressure
◉ Digestive Enzymes. Answer: Trypsin - Digests protein
Amylase - Digests starch
Lipase - Digests fat
◉ GI disorders increase with age, including.... Answer: Dysphagia
Anorexia
Dyspepsia (indigestion)
Colonic motility issues
◉ Signs of oral cancer. Answer: white/red plaques, ulcers, nodules
◉ MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Answer: Noninvasive, ideal
for soft tissues, blood vessels, and GI bleeding sources.
◉ CT Scan (Computed Tomography). Answer: Produces cross-
sectional abdominal images; useful for detecting appendicitis,
diverticulitis, liver/kidney/pancreas issues, etc.
◉ Lower GI Tract Study (Barium Enema). Answer: Evaluates colon
for tumors, polyps, or structural issues.
,◉ Upper GI Tract Study. Answer: Uses barium (or other agents) and
fluoroscopy to assess esophagus, stomach, and small intestine for
abnormalities (e.g., ulcers, tumors, motility disorders).
◉ Colonoscopy. Answer: Procedure: Patient lies on left side with
knees drawn up. A flexible scope is used to visualize the colon;
biopsies or brushings can be taken.
Complications: Can include cardiac arrhythmias, respiratory
depression, vasovagal reactions, and circulatory imbalance.
◉ Pedigree. Answer: A diagrammatic representation of a family
history
◉ Epigenetics. Answer: Changes in gene expression caused by
environment or behavior (without altering DNA itself).
◉ Genomics. Answer: Study of all genes, their interactions, and how
they interact with the environment.
◉ How does personalized medicine differ in the Genomic Era?.
Answer: Focuses on gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
Identifies disease risks early
Targets treatment to individual genetic profiles
, Shifts from treating symptoms to preventing disease
◉ Nurses use genomics to individualize care such as.... Answer:
considering family history of cardiovascular disease and recognizing
genetic factors like lipid metabolism or clotting disorders.
◉ Monosomy. Answer: Missing a chromosome (e.g., Turner
syndrome = only one X chromosome in females).
◉ Sickle cell disease. Answer: Caused by a small mutation in the
hemoglobin gene.
Leads to production of abnormal hemoglobin S.
Results in severe anemia and organ damage due to poor oxygen
delivery (hypoxia).
◉ Incomplete (reduced) penetrance. Answer: Not all individuals
with the mutation develop symptoms (e.g., BRCA1 mutation carriers
have up to 80% risk, not 100%).
◉ multifactorial inheritance. Answer: Result of genetic and
environmental factors; no clear inheritance pattern; may recur in
families
Congenital heart defects, diabetes, cleft lip/palate, Alzheimer's
disease, high blood pressure
