MDC 2 EXAM 1 2026 FINAL REVIEW EXAM
◉ Phosphorus. Answer: -Normal level: 3.0 to 4.5 mg/dL
-Found in bones
-Activates vitamins and enzymes; assists in cell growth and
metabolism
-Plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus exist in a balanced
reciprocal relationship
-Hypophosphatemia
-Hyperphosphatemia
◉ Magnesium normal levels. Answer: 1.8-2.6mg/dL
◉ Magnesium. Answer: Critical for skeletal muscle contraction,
carbohydrate metabolism, ATP formation, vitamin activation, cell
growth
◉ Hypomagnesemia causes. Answer: -Malnutrition
-Starvation
-Diarrhea
-Steatorrhea
-Celiac disease
,-Crohn's disease
-*Ethanol ingestion (alcoholism)*
-Citrate
-Diuretics
◉ Hypermagnesemia causes. Answer: -Increased magnesium intake
-Magnesium containing antacids and laxatives
-IV magnesium replacement
-Decreased kidney excretion of Magnesium resulting from kidney
disease
◉ Chloride. Answer: -Normal level: 98 to 106 mEq/L
-Imbalance occurs as a result of other electrolyte imbalances
-Treat underlying electrolyte imbalance or acid-base problem
◉ Calcium. Answer: -Absorption requires an active form of vitamin
D
-Stored in bones
-Parathyroid hormone
-Thyrocalcitonin
◉ Hyperkalemia causes. Answer: -Salt substitutes
, -Potassium chloride
-Tissue damage
-Acidosis
-Uncontrolled diabetes
-Transfusions of PRBC
-Kidney failure
-Potassium sparing diuretics
-ACE inhibitors
◉ Sarcomas. Answer: Originate in soft tissues such as the muscles,
blood vessels, bone, and connective tissues.
◉ Lymphomas (Malignant Tumor). Answer: Affect the lymphocytes
which fight infections & produce enlarged nodes in the armpits,
chest, abdomen, and groin.
◉ Carcinomas. Answer: At Epithelial cite of skin,Lungs,Liver,
kidneys, stomach, breast, prostate, and thyroid and are likely to
metastasize
◉ Leukemias (Malignant Tumor). Answer: Arise from organs that
form blood and invade the production of normal blood cells.
◉ Phosphorus. Answer: -Normal level: 3.0 to 4.5 mg/dL
-Found in bones
-Activates vitamins and enzymes; assists in cell growth and
metabolism
-Plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus exist in a balanced
reciprocal relationship
-Hypophosphatemia
-Hyperphosphatemia
◉ Magnesium normal levels. Answer: 1.8-2.6mg/dL
◉ Magnesium. Answer: Critical for skeletal muscle contraction,
carbohydrate metabolism, ATP formation, vitamin activation, cell
growth
◉ Hypomagnesemia causes. Answer: -Malnutrition
-Starvation
-Diarrhea
-Steatorrhea
-Celiac disease
,-Crohn's disease
-*Ethanol ingestion (alcoholism)*
-Citrate
-Diuretics
◉ Hypermagnesemia causes. Answer: -Increased magnesium intake
-Magnesium containing antacids and laxatives
-IV magnesium replacement
-Decreased kidney excretion of Magnesium resulting from kidney
disease
◉ Chloride. Answer: -Normal level: 98 to 106 mEq/L
-Imbalance occurs as a result of other electrolyte imbalances
-Treat underlying electrolyte imbalance or acid-base problem
◉ Calcium. Answer: -Absorption requires an active form of vitamin
D
-Stored in bones
-Parathyroid hormone
-Thyrocalcitonin
◉ Hyperkalemia causes. Answer: -Salt substitutes
, -Potassium chloride
-Tissue damage
-Acidosis
-Uncontrolled diabetes
-Transfusions of PRBC
-Kidney failure
-Potassium sparing diuretics
-ACE inhibitors
◉ Sarcomas. Answer: Originate in soft tissues such as the muscles,
blood vessels, bone, and connective tissues.
◉ Lymphomas (Malignant Tumor). Answer: Affect the lymphocytes
which fight infections & produce enlarged nodes in the armpits,
chest, abdomen, and groin.
◉ Carcinomas. Answer: At Epithelial cite of skin,Lungs,Liver,
kidneys, stomach, breast, prostate, and thyroid and are likely to
metastasize
◉ Leukemias (Malignant Tumor). Answer: Arise from organs that
form blood and invade the production of normal blood cells.
