Summary 3.5 Memory - Brain & Cognition specialisation - EUR

3.5 MEMORY
BRAIN & COGNITION SPECIALIZATION


ANH PHAM
2020-2021

, OUTLINE

THEME 1 – SHORT TERM MEMORY
o Radvansky Chapter 4
o Baddeley (2003) Working memory
o Jaeggi et al. (2008)
o Harrison et al. (2013)


THEME 2 – LEARNING & RETENTION
o Roedigeer & Karpicke (2006)
o Capeda et al. (2008)
o De Jonge et al. (2012)


THEME 3 – MEMORY RETRIEVAL
o Neath & Suprenant (2003) Chapter 5 + Chapter 6
o Baddeley (2015) Chapter 8
o Raaijmakers (1981)
o Anderson x 3 articles


THEME 4 – SEMANTIC MEMORY
o Baddeley (2015) Chapter 7
o Hintzman (1986)


THEME 5 – CHANGES IN MEMORY
o Gluck (2016) Chapter 7
o Maguire (2006)
o Radvansky (2017) Chapter 17 + Chapter 18


THEME 6 – IMPLICIT MEMORY & SKILL LEARNING
o Gluck (2016) Chapter 8
o Roediger (1990)
o Garbrieli (1995)


THEME 7 – CONSOLIDATION & FORGETTING
o Wixted (2005) + Wixted (2007)
o Murre (1996) – Trace link
o Stickgold (2005)


4 LECTURES + EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS (FROM REAL EXAM)

1

,PROBLEM 1 | SHORT TERM MEMORY


RADVANSKY | CHAPTER 4: SENSORY AND SHORT-TERM MEMORY (ONLY
THE PART ON ‘RETRIEVAL IN SHORT -TERM MEMORY’, PP. 123-126).

1) PARALLEL SEARCH
- All of the items in the STM are available more/less at once, and accessed in parallel
- Prediction:
o If people search STM in parallel, then the amount of information in the set
doesn’t matter.
o All of the info is available at once, regardless size and length of the search.
Response items should not vary with set size, and there’s no difference between yes +
no responses

2) SERIAL SELF-TERMINATING SEARCH
- Going through items one at a time in serial. Once reach the search target, the search
stops, or terminates.
- Prediction:
o Increase in response time with an increase in set size. By going through items one
by one larger the set, longer it takes.
o Difference in the slope of the response times for Y/N responses.
No – Highest and equal within all response (cuz you have to search till the
end)
Yes – Increase RT but should be half of No answer.
People are going through the items one at a time and on average they will
get about halfway through the set before getting to the target item

3) SERIAL EXHAUSTIVE SEARCH (STENBURG)
- People go through things one at a time in serial. They will continue until they have gone
through the entire set.
- Prediction:
o Increase RT when increase set size
o No difference in RS slope for Y/N responses Both Y/N people are going through
the entire set of info

4) RESULTS
- Support 3 – Serial exhaustive search
- It shows how STM is searched

2

, - We don’t have much conscious awareness of how our own memories operate


Picture of results in box (slope) -> same for Y/N -> Similar figure & distinguish theories
Simple processes -> What data tells you about the theories


BADDELEY | WORKING MEMORY: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD




1) THE PHONOLOGICAL LOOP
- Responsible for temporary storage and rehearsal of
linguistic information within the short-term
memory
- A phonological store Hold memory traces for a a
few seconds before they fade
- An articulatory rehearsal process = Subvocal speech (diễn tập khớp ?) Responsible for
rehearsal to prevent decay from the phonological store. Holds verbal + auditory info.
- WORDS: subvocal speech, subvocal articulatory process, vocal articulatory process? Loop
hypothesis?

HOW SERIAL ORDER IS REMEMBERED?
- Chaining models: similarity should cause confusion among similar stimuli, leading to the
cueing of the wrong responses. Each item forms a cue or stimulus for the following item,
with the result that once the initial item is activated, the sequences runs off relatively
automatically.
- Computationally explicit model (Burgess & Hit): order is carried by associating successive
items with an ongoing contextual cue. Then the phonological similarity effect occurs
because the items that are specified by each cue are encoded phonologically with similar
items having fewer distinguishing cues.


3