MN553 Pharmacology Unit 2 Quiz| Questions with Correct Answers| Latest Update
Guaranteed Success
What properties affect the distribution of drugs drug size, charge, chemical structure, pH,
molecular size, lipid or water solubility
first pass metabolism metabolism by the liver following oral administration
Phase 1 reactions Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis or non-synthetic reactions that prepare
the drug for further metabolism - to make the drug more water soluble
Phase II reactions synthetic or conjugation reactions, something is added to drug to make it
more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidneys
CYP P450 Liver *enzyme* that detoxifies substances,
Makes them easier to be excreted.
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) minor mutations that can result in metabolic activity
changes, including increased and decreased drug responses
primary organ of excretion for drugs kidney
blood flow differences in infants increased blood flow to muscles 1-6 mo EXCEPT during
illness, can cause slower or rapid perfusion
Pediatric GI function pH increases gradually- reaches adult levels @ 20-30 months preemies
are even slower
Diarrhea and kids kids with diarrhea have poor absorption of oral drugs
, Pediatric skin absorption Kids have thinner stratum corneum so topical medications are
absorbed more readily: increased risk of toxicity
Infants and Lipid Soluble drugs decreased volume distribution, less plasma proteins for
binding, require higher doses of hydrophilic drugs
CYP1A2 (phase 1 enzyme) pediatric reaches adult level by 4 mo and then higher than adult
levels through childhood then declines
CYP2D2 (Phase 1 enzyme) pediatric absent or 5% active at birth reaches adult levels by 3-5
yrs but has significant genetic variability
CYP2D6 ultrametabolizers up to 20 percent of Ethiopians are 2D6 ultra-metabolizers but 3.4-
6.5 percent of non-Ethiopian African Americans are ultra-metabolizers, same for caucasians
small intestine and drug metabolism small intestine is a major site of drug metabolism d.t.
CYP450 enzymes and may be a large variation in capacity of SB to metabolize drugs
Common drugs metabolized in phase II acetaminophen, morphine, Propofol, and caffeine
Body Fat and drugs women have more body fat means a larger volume of distribution for
lipophilic agents, women experience more adverse reactions after drugs saturate all sites in
adipose tissues and more drugs stay in the blood stream
CYP3A4 and Women activity higher in women : group of isoenzymes responsible for drug
metabolism ex: azole antifungal, calcium channel blocker, antihistamines, anticonvulsants,
antimicrobials, and corticosteroids
Guaranteed Success
What properties affect the distribution of drugs drug size, charge, chemical structure, pH,
molecular size, lipid or water solubility
first pass metabolism metabolism by the liver following oral administration
Phase 1 reactions Oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis or non-synthetic reactions that prepare
the drug for further metabolism - to make the drug more water soluble
Phase II reactions synthetic or conjugation reactions, something is added to drug to make it
more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidneys
CYP P450 Liver *enzyme* that detoxifies substances,
Makes them easier to be excreted.
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) minor mutations that can result in metabolic activity
changes, including increased and decreased drug responses
primary organ of excretion for drugs kidney
blood flow differences in infants increased blood flow to muscles 1-6 mo EXCEPT during
illness, can cause slower or rapid perfusion
Pediatric GI function pH increases gradually- reaches adult levels @ 20-30 months preemies
are even slower
Diarrhea and kids kids with diarrhea have poor absorption of oral drugs
, Pediatric skin absorption Kids have thinner stratum corneum so topical medications are
absorbed more readily: increased risk of toxicity
Infants and Lipid Soluble drugs decreased volume distribution, less plasma proteins for
binding, require higher doses of hydrophilic drugs
CYP1A2 (phase 1 enzyme) pediatric reaches adult level by 4 mo and then higher than adult
levels through childhood then declines
CYP2D2 (Phase 1 enzyme) pediatric absent or 5% active at birth reaches adult levels by 3-5
yrs but has significant genetic variability
CYP2D6 ultrametabolizers up to 20 percent of Ethiopians are 2D6 ultra-metabolizers but 3.4-
6.5 percent of non-Ethiopian African Americans are ultra-metabolizers, same for caucasians
small intestine and drug metabolism small intestine is a major site of drug metabolism d.t.
CYP450 enzymes and may be a large variation in capacity of SB to metabolize drugs
Common drugs metabolized in phase II acetaminophen, morphine, Propofol, and caffeine
Body Fat and drugs women have more body fat means a larger volume of distribution for
lipophilic agents, women experience more adverse reactions after drugs saturate all sites in
adipose tissues and more drugs stay in the blood stream
CYP3A4 and Women activity higher in women : group of isoenzymes responsible for drug
metabolism ex: azole antifungal, calcium channel blocker, antihistamines, anticonvulsants,
antimicrobials, and corticosteroids
