NSG 5140 Advanced Pathophysiology
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER ✔ The sodium-potassium pump
moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical
gradient essential for membrane potential.
2. Mitochondria - ANSWER ✔ Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of
the cell due to their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
3. Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - ANSWER ✔ In metabolic acidosis, there
is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate
and pH.
4. B Lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ B cells differentiate into plasma cells which
produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
5. Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - ANSWER ✔ Reversible injury
often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling.
,6. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - ANSWER ✔ IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise
the body temperature set point, causing fever.
7. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER ✔ Type 1 DM is an autoimmune
condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
8. Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - ANSWER ✔ Redness (rubor) results
from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
9. Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER ✔ Acid-base disorder seen in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to chronic CO₂ retention
lowering pH.
10.Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER ✔ Genetic condition characterized by tall
stature, gynecomastia, and XXY karyotype; extra X chromosome impairs
male sexual development.
11.Edema in nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER ✔ Caused by loss of plasma
proteins in the urine, where hypoalbuminemia reduces oncotic pressure.
12.Schwann cells - ANSWER ✔ Cell type responsible for myelin production in
the peripheral nervous system; they wrap around axons, enabling rapid
conduction.
13.Caseous necrosis - ANSWER ✔ Type of necrosis typical in tuberculosis,
where granulomas contain cheesy, necrotic debris due to chronic
inflammation.
,14.Cushing's syndrome - ANSWER ✔ Common finding includes purple
abdominal striae, as excess cortisol weakens skin collagen.
15.Rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER ✔ Condition associated with inflammation
of multiple joints, especially in the morning, with symptoms including
morning stiffness and joint swelling.
16.IgE - ANSWER ✔ Class of antibodies that mediates allergic reactions by
binding mast cells and triggering histamine release on allergen exposure.
17.Mallory-Weiss tears - ANSWER ✔ Develop from forceful vomiting,
causing mucosal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction that can lead to
bleeding.
18.What best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? -
ANSWER ✔ Beta-cell destruction in the pancreas
19.What condition is indicated by polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and
positive ketones in urine? - ANSWER ✔ Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
20.What cellular mechanism contributes most to decreased contractility in heart
failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)? - ANSWER ✔ Impaired
calcium handling in cardiomyocytes
21.Which type of shock is characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory
response leading to vasodilation and hypotension? - ANSWER ✔
Distributive (Septic)
, 22.What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism in asthma? - ANSWER ✔
Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
23.Which lab finding is most consistent with hyperthyroidism? - ANSWER ✔
Decreased TSH, increased T3/T4
24.What is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER ✔ Proteinuria
>3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema
25.What contributes most to secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney
disease (CKD)? - ANSWER ✔ Vitamin D deficiency and
hyperphosphatemia
26.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE? - ANSWER ✔
Type I
27.A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is at risk of which type of anemia? -
ANSWER ✔ Anemia of chronic disease
28.What mechanism is primarily responsible for edema in nephrotic syndrome?
- ANSWER ✔ Loss of plasma proteins and decreased oncotic pressure
29.Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the pathophysiology of
Parkinson's disease? - ANSWER ✔ Dopamine
30.Which lab finding is characteristic of iron deficiency anemia? - ANSWER ✔
Low serum ferritin, low MCV
FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH
VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
<NEWEST VERSION>
1. Sodium-Potassium Pump - ANSWER ✔ The sodium-potassium pump
moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions into the cell, creating an electrochemical
gradient essential for membrane potential.
2. Mitochondria - ANSWER ✔ Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of
the cell due to their role in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation.
3. Metabolic Acidosis Lab Values - ANSWER ✔ In metabolic acidosis, there
is a loss of bicarbonate or accumulation of acids, lowering both bicarbonate
and pH.
4. B Lymphocytes - ANSWER ✔ B cells differentiate into plasma cells which
produce antibodies, central to humoral immunity.
5. Hallmark of Reversible Cellular Injury - ANSWER ✔ Reversible injury
often involves failure of ion pumps leading to water influx and cell swelling.
,6. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) - ANSWER ✔ IL-1 acts on the hypothalamus to raise
the body temperature set point, causing fever.
7. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus - ANSWER ✔ Type 1 DM is an autoimmune
condition where T-cells destroy insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
8. Cardinal Sign of Acute Inflammation - ANSWER ✔ Redness (rubor) results
from vasodilation and increased blood flow to the inflamed area.
9. Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER ✔ Acid-base disorder seen in chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) due to chronic CO₂ retention
lowering pH.
10.Klinefelter syndrome - ANSWER ✔ Genetic condition characterized by tall
stature, gynecomastia, and XXY karyotype; extra X chromosome impairs
male sexual development.
11.Edema in nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER ✔ Caused by loss of plasma
proteins in the urine, where hypoalbuminemia reduces oncotic pressure.
12.Schwann cells - ANSWER ✔ Cell type responsible for myelin production in
the peripheral nervous system; they wrap around axons, enabling rapid
conduction.
13.Caseous necrosis - ANSWER ✔ Type of necrosis typical in tuberculosis,
where granulomas contain cheesy, necrotic debris due to chronic
inflammation.
,14.Cushing's syndrome - ANSWER ✔ Common finding includes purple
abdominal striae, as excess cortisol weakens skin collagen.
15.Rheumatoid arthritis - ANSWER ✔ Condition associated with inflammation
of multiple joints, especially in the morning, with symptoms including
morning stiffness and joint swelling.
16.IgE - ANSWER ✔ Class of antibodies that mediates allergic reactions by
binding mast cells and triggering histamine release on allergen exposure.
17.Mallory-Weiss tears - ANSWER ✔ Develop from forceful vomiting,
causing mucosal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction that can lead to
bleeding.
18.What best describes the pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus? -
ANSWER ✔ Beta-cell destruction in the pancreas
19.What condition is indicated by polyuria, polydipsia, hyperglycemia, and
positive ketones in urine? - ANSWER ✔ Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
20.What cellular mechanism contributes most to decreased contractility in heart
failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF)? - ANSWER ✔ Impaired
calcium handling in cardiomyocytes
21.Which type of shock is characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory
response leading to vasodilation and hypotension? - ANSWER ✔
Distributive (Septic)
, 22.What is the primary pathophysiologic mechanism in asthma? - ANSWER ✔
Airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness
23.Which lab finding is most consistent with hyperthyroidism? - ANSWER ✔
Decreased TSH, increased T3/T4
24.What is the hallmark of nephrotic syndrome? - ANSWER ✔ Proteinuria
>3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema
25.What contributes most to secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney
disease (CKD)? - ANSWER ✔ Vitamin D deficiency and
hyperphosphatemia
26.Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is mediated by IgE? - ANSWER ✔
Type I
27.A patient with rheumatoid arthritis is at risk of which type of anemia? -
ANSWER ✔ Anemia of chronic disease
28.What mechanism is primarily responsible for edema in nephrotic syndrome?
- ANSWER ✔ Loss of plasma proteins and decreased oncotic pressure
29.Which neurotransmitter is most associated with the pathophysiology of
Parkinson's disease? - ANSWER ✔ Dopamine
30.Which lab finding is characteristic of iron deficiency anemia? - ANSWER ✔
Low serum ferritin, low MCV
