NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 5,
Respiratory and Renal Questions with
Correct Answers 2026
Alveoli - CORRECT ANSWER -Alveoli: Primary gas exchange units (cont.)
• Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is
removed.
• Pores of Kohn
• Epithelial cells
-Type I alveolar cells (Alveolar structure)
-Type II alveolar cells (Surfactant production: Prevents lung collapse)
• Contain alveolar macrophages: Ingest foreign material,
and remove it through the lymphatic system.
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Surfactant - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Lipid/PRO mix
2. Produced by Alveolar type II cells
3. Maintains alveolar expansion (decreases surface tension)
Bronchiolitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bronchiolitis
1. Diffuse inflammation of small airways or bronchioles
2. Most common in children
3. Occurs in adults with chronic bronchitis or those with a
viral infection or who have inhaled toxic gases
4. Clinical manifestations
• Rapid ventilatory rate; significant use of accessory muscles;
,low grade fever; dry, nonproductive cough; and hyperinflated
chest
5. Treatment
• Antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and chest
physical therapy (humidified air, coughing and deep breathing, physical therapy (humidified air,
coughing and deep breathing,
postural drainage)
Bronchiolitis Obliterans - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Fibrotic Dz of airways
2. Can occur with all causes of bronchiolitis
3. Tx:
-Corticosteroids
How is alveolar ventilation measured? - CORRECT ANSWER --ABG.
Asthma Patho - CORRECT ANSWER -Chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa.
Causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the
airways and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
1. Episodic attacks of bronchospasm, bronchial inflammation,
mucosal edema , and increased mucous production
2. Early asthmatic response
•Vasodilation
•Increased capillary permeability
•Mucosal edema
,•Bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm)
•Tenacious mucous secretion
3. Late asthmatic response
•Begins 4 8 hours after the early response.
•Chemotactic recruitment of lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes occurs.
-Airway scarring
-Increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness
-Impaired mucociliary function with accumulation of mucous and
cellular debris, forming plugs in the airways
-Decreased Treg cells
-Leads to airway remodeling if left untreated
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Asthma CM's: - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Asymptomatic between attacks
2.General S/S: Chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonprod. coughing, prolonged
expiration, tachycardia, tachypnea
3. Pulsus Paradoxus
4. Status asthmaticus
-Bronchospasm not reversed by usual measures
-Life threatening!
5. Ominous signs of impending death
-SIlent chest (no audible air movement)
-PaCO2 > 70mmHg
, Asthma Tx - CORRECT ANSWER -1. O2
2. Inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators
3. Inhaled corticosteroids
4. Leukotriene agonists
5. Immunotherapy
-Monoclonal antibodies to IgE
6. Education about allergens and irritants and peak flowmeters
Aging and the pulmonary system - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Loss of elastic recoil
2. Stiffening of the chest wall
3. Alterations in gas exchange
4. Increases in flow resistance
5. Alveoli tend to lose alveoli wall tissues and capillaries
6. Decrease in PaO2 and diminished ventilatory reserve, causing a decrease in exercise tolerance
7. Decrease in respiratory muscle strength and endurance
4 steps of gas transport - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Ventilation of the lungs
2. Diffusion ofO2 from the alveoli into the capillary blood
3. Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
4. Diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cells
Distribution of ventilation and perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Gravity and alveolar pressure
-Ventilation and perfusion depend on body position
-If a standing individual goes supine or side-lying, the areas of the lungs that are then most
dependent become the best ventilated and perfused
2. Ventilation-perfusion ratio
Respiratory and Renal Questions with
Correct Answers 2026
Alveoli - CORRECT ANSWER -Alveoli: Primary gas exchange units (cont.)
• Oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide (CO2) is
removed.
• Pores of Kohn
• Epithelial cells
-Type I alveolar cells (Alveolar structure)
-Type II alveolar cells (Surfactant production: Prevents lung collapse)
• Contain alveolar macrophages: Ingest foreign material,
and remove it through the lymphatic system.
Copyright
Surfactant - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Lipid/PRO mix
2. Produced by Alveolar type II cells
3. Maintains alveolar expansion (decreases surface tension)
Bronchiolitis - CORRECT ANSWER -Bronchiolitis
1. Diffuse inflammation of small airways or bronchioles
2. Most common in children
3. Occurs in adults with chronic bronchitis or those with a
viral infection or who have inhaled toxic gases
4. Clinical manifestations
• Rapid ventilatory rate; significant use of accessory muscles;
,low grade fever; dry, nonproductive cough; and hyperinflated
chest
5. Treatment
• Antibiotics, steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and chest
physical therapy (humidified air, coughing and deep breathing, physical therapy (humidified air,
coughing and deep breathing,
postural drainage)
Bronchiolitis Obliterans - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Fibrotic Dz of airways
2. Can occur with all causes of bronchiolitis
3. Tx:
-Corticosteroids
How is alveolar ventilation measured? - CORRECT ANSWER --ABG.
Asthma Patho - CORRECT ANSWER -Chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa.
Causes bronchial hyperresponsiveness, constriction of the
airways and variable airflow obstruction that is reversible.
1. Episodic attacks of bronchospasm, bronchial inflammation,
mucosal edema , and increased mucous production
2. Early asthmatic response
•Vasodilation
•Increased capillary permeability
•Mucosal edema
,•Bronchial smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm)
•Tenacious mucous secretion
3. Late asthmatic response
•Begins 4 8 hours after the early response.
•Chemotactic recruitment of lymphocytes, eosinophils,
basophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes occurs.
-Airway scarring
-Increased bronchial hyper-responsiveness
-Impaired mucociliary function with accumulation of mucous and
cellular debris, forming plugs in the airways
-Decreased Treg cells
-Leads to airway remodeling if left untreated
Copyright ©
Asthma CM's: - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Asymptomatic between attacks
2.General S/S: Chest constriction, expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonprod. coughing, prolonged
expiration, tachycardia, tachypnea
3. Pulsus Paradoxus
4. Status asthmaticus
-Bronchospasm not reversed by usual measures
-Life threatening!
5. Ominous signs of impending death
-SIlent chest (no audible air movement)
-PaCO2 > 70mmHg
, Asthma Tx - CORRECT ANSWER -1. O2
2. Inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators
3. Inhaled corticosteroids
4. Leukotriene agonists
5. Immunotherapy
-Monoclonal antibodies to IgE
6. Education about allergens and irritants and peak flowmeters
Aging and the pulmonary system - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Loss of elastic recoil
2. Stiffening of the chest wall
3. Alterations in gas exchange
4. Increases in flow resistance
5. Alveoli tend to lose alveoli wall tissues and capillaries
6. Decrease in PaO2 and diminished ventilatory reserve, causing a decrease in exercise tolerance
7. Decrease in respiratory muscle strength and endurance
4 steps of gas transport - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Ventilation of the lungs
2. Diffusion ofO2 from the alveoli into the capillary blood
3. Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
4. Diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cells
Distribution of ventilation and perfusion - CORRECT ANSWER -1. Gravity and alveolar pressure
-Ventilation and perfusion depend on body position
-If a standing individual goes supine or side-lying, the areas of the lungs that are then most
dependent become the best ventilated and perfused
2. Ventilation-perfusion ratio
