NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
1. Erythropoiesis: More detail in notes.
1. In bone marrow, erythroid progenitor cells become large nucleated proerythroblasts.
2. Proerythroblasts go through several intermediate forms of erythroblasts while synthesizing hgb, eliminate most
intracellular structures including nucleus to become more compact
3. Last immature form is a reticulocyte. Matures into an erythrocyte in 1-2 days.
4. Mitochondria and ribosomes disappear, cell becomes disk like, loses capacity for hgb synthesis and oxidative
metabolism. Stay in marrow one more day then released into venous sinuses, mature in bloodstream, travel to spleen
to mature further
1% recycled q24h.
2. Know function and life span of RBCs and platelets: RBCs or erythrocytes: the most abundant
cells of the blood - primarily
responsible for tissue oxygenation
Contains hemoglobin (carries the gases and electrolytes) à regulates
diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.
• Mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.,
mitochondria), à cannot synthesize protein or carry out oxidative
reactions (CANNOT UNDERGO MITOTIC DIVISION)
• Has a limited life span of about 100 to 120 days
• Erythrocyte's size and shape à biconcave with the capacity to be
reversibly deformed - functions great as a gas carrier)
Platelets or thrombocytes: not true cells (irregularly-shaped cytoplasmic
fragments)
• Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
• Formed by fragmentation of very large cells known as
megakaryocytes
• A platelet circulates for about 10 days, ages, and is removed by
macrophages of the MPS, mostly in the spleen
• Contain cytoplasmic granules à injury to blood vessel à release
biochemical mediators (contents are pro-inflammatory)
3. Know the process of hemoglobin synthesis. What is methemoglobin?: 1. Proto-
porphyrin: Chemical reactions -> produces four ringed molecule -> Bound with ferrous iron
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
-Must be properly charged, Fe2+, not Fe3+.
2. Oxyhemoglobin: Binding of O2 to ferrous iron -> Temporarily oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ -> After releease of O2 -> Body
reduces the Iron to Fe2+ (BINDS O2)
3. Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hgb): Reactivates Hgb capacity to bind O2
4. Metheglobin forms the O2 carrying metalloprotein Hgb (iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ not Fe2+ state). Cannot
bind with O2 without reactivation by methemoglobin reductase (Fe3+ containing Hgb cannot bind O2). (CARRIES O2)
4. Granulocytes: Granulocytes are phagocytes; have many membrane-bound granules in their cytoplasm con-
taining enzymes capable of killing microorganisms and
catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis and biochemical mediators with inflammatory / immune functions à
neutrophils, basophils, and
eosinophils; capable of amoeboid movement (migrate through vessel walls (diapedesis) à sites where their action is
needed)
5. Granulocytes: Neutrophils: 1. Neutrophils (most numerous, 57%-67%)
• Defend against infection
• Are referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
• Serve as phagocytes in early inflammation
• Ingest and destroy microorganisms and debris and then die
in 1 or 2 days
• Immature form: bands or stabs
• Mature form: segmented
6. Granulocytes: Basophils: • Contain histamine, hemotactic factors, proteolytic enzymes,
heparin
• Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and
parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks)
• Secrete inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, chemotactic
factors for eosinophils and neutrophils)
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response
7. Granulocytes: Eosinophils: • Are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis
• Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses
• Release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment the
inflammatory response
• Increase in type I hypersensitivity allergic reactions and
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
asthma
• Increase and attack parasitic infections
8. Granulocytes: Mast Cells: • Are highly similar to basophils
• Are the central cells in inflammation
• Are found in vascularized connective tissue
• Activation and degranulation affect body cells
Increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle
contraction
9. Agranulocytes:: monocytes (phagocytes), macrophages (phagocytes), and lymphocytes (immunocytes);
contain fewer granules in cytoplasm than granulocytes
10. Agranulocytes: Monocytes: Monocytes and macrophages make up the
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
• Are found in tissue and lymphoid organs
• Provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the
bloodstream
• Cleanse the blood by removing old, injured, or dead blood
cells
Monocytes: are the precursor to macrophage and
dendritic cells
11. Agranulocytes: Macrophages: Macrophages
• Remove old and damaged cells and large molecules from
circulation
• Are the major "antigen-processing" and "antigen-presenting"
cells that initiate immune responses
• Initiate wound healing and tissue remodeling
12. Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes (25%-33% of leukocytes)
• Are the major cells of the immune system
• Are mature T, B, and plasma cells
• Life span: days, months, or years, depending on the type
13. Natural Killer Cells: Natural killer (NK) cells (5%-10%)
• Found mainly in the peripheral blood and spleen
• Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
• Do not have to be induced by antigens
• Produce cytokines involved in the immune responses
14. Hematopoeisis location: Location:
Fetus: Yolk sac, Liver, and spleen, lastly marrow
Adults: Bone marrow and lymph
15. Hematopoeisis: 2 types of bone marrow in adults: Red (active, hematopoeitic, AKA myeloid
tissue)
-Pelvis, vertebrae, cranium, mandible, sternum/ribs, proximal humerus, femus
Yellow marrow (inactive marrow)
-Large quantity of fat makes yellow
16. Hematopoeisis: 2 types of stem cells: 1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC's):
-Progenitors of all hematologic cells
-Undergo continuous proliferation and self renewal so that additional HSCs are produced to replace those undergoing
differentiation
2. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
-stomal cells and have role of in maintaining HSCs;
differentiate into a variety of cells
(osteoblasts - produce bone marrow; adipocytes - store fat; chondrocytes - produce cartilage)
17. Hematologic compartment of bone marrow: 1. Consists of a
variety of cellular microenvironments, called niches
2. Contain
stem cells, precursor cells, and terminally differentiated cells
3. Provide coordinated signaling network
4. Regulates self-renewal,
differentiation, and maintained of HSCs
18. 2 types of hematologic niches: 1. Osteoblastic niche: centralized around osteoblasts, which
lines the surface of the bone. Contains osteoblasts, CAR
cells, and nestin-expressing cells.
2. Vascular niche: organized around the sinusoidal
endothelial cells. Contains endothelial cells, as well as
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
1. Erythropoiesis: More detail in notes.
1. In bone marrow, erythroid progenitor cells become large nucleated proerythroblasts.
2. Proerythroblasts go through several intermediate forms of erythroblasts while synthesizing hgb, eliminate most
intracellular structures including nucleus to become more compact
3. Last immature form is a reticulocyte. Matures into an erythrocyte in 1-2 days.
4. Mitochondria and ribosomes disappear, cell becomes disk like, loses capacity for hgb synthesis and oxidative
metabolism. Stay in marrow one more day then released into venous sinuses, mature in bloodstream, travel to spleen
to mature further
1% recycled q24h.
2. Know function and life span of RBCs and platelets: RBCs or erythrocytes: the most abundant
cells of the blood - primarily
responsible for tissue oxygenation
Contains hemoglobin (carries the gases and electrolytes) à regulates
diffusion through a cell's plasma membrane.
• Mature erythrocyte lacks a nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles (e.g.,
mitochondria), à cannot synthesize protein or carry out oxidative
reactions (CANNOT UNDERGO MITOTIC DIVISION)
• Has a limited life span of about 100 to 120 days
• Erythrocyte's size and shape à biconcave with the capacity to be
reversibly deformed - functions great as a gas carrier)
Platelets or thrombocytes: not true cells (irregularly-shaped cytoplasmic
fragments)
• Essential for blood coagulation and control of bleeding
• Formed by fragmentation of very large cells known as
megakaryocytes
• A platelet circulates for about 10 days, ages, and is removed by
macrophages of the MPS, mostly in the spleen
• Contain cytoplasmic granules à injury to blood vessel à release
biochemical mediators (contents are pro-inflammatory)
3. Know the process of hemoglobin synthesis. What is methemoglobin?: 1. Proto-
porphyrin: Chemical reactions -> produces four ringed molecule -> Bound with ferrous iron
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
-Must be properly charged, Fe2+, not Fe3+.
2. Oxyhemoglobin: Binding of O2 to ferrous iron -> Temporarily oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ -> After releease of O2 -> Body
reduces the Iron to Fe2+ (BINDS O2)
3. Deoxyhemoglobin (reduced Hgb): Reactivates Hgb capacity to bind O2
4. Metheglobin forms the O2 carrying metalloprotein Hgb (iron in the heme group is in the Fe3+ not Fe2+ state). Cannot
bind with O2 without reactivation by methemoglobin reductase (Fe3+ containing Hgb cannot bind O2). (CARRIES O2)
4. Granulocytes: Granulocytes are phagocytes; have many membrane-bound granules in their cytoplasm con-
taining enzymes capable of killing microorganisms and
catabolizing debris ingested during phagocytosis and biochemical mediators with inflammatory / immune functions à
neutrophils, basophils, and
eosinophils; capable of amoeboid movement (migrate through vessel walls (diapedesis) à sites where their action is
needed)
5. Granulocytes: Neutrophils: 1. Neutrophils (most numerous, 57%-67%)
• Defend against infection
• Are referred to as polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)
• Serve as phagocytes in early inflammation
• Ingest and destroy microorganisms and debris and then die
in 1 or 2 days
• Immature form: bands or stabs
• Mature form: segmented
6. Granulocytes: Basophils: • Contain histamine, hemotactic factors, proteolytic enzymes,
heparin
• Increase at the sites of allergic inflammatory reactions and
parasitic infection, particularly exoparasites (e.g., ticks)
• Secrete inflammatory mediators (e.g., histamine, chemotactic
factors for eosinophils and neutrophils)
• Contribute to the local inflammatory response
7. Granulocytes: Eosinophils: • Are capable of amoeboid movement and phagocytosis
• Ingest antigen-antibody complexes and viruses
• Release cytokines and leukotrienes that augment the
inflammatory response
• Increase in type I hypersensitivity allergic reactions and
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
asthma
• Increase and attack parasitic infections
8. Granulocytes: Mast Cells: • Are highly similar to basophils
• Are the central cells in inflammation
• Are found in vascularized connective tissue
• Activation and degranulation affect body cells
Increased permeability of blood vessels and smooth muscle
contraction
9. Agranulocytes:: monocytes (phagocytes), macrophages (phagocytes), and lymphocytes (immunocytes);
contain fewer granules in cytoplasm than granulocytes
10. Agranulocytes: Monocytes: Monocytes and macrophages make up the
mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)
• Are found in tissue and lymphoid organs
• Provide the main line of defense against bacteria in the
bloodstream
• Cleanse the blood by removing old, injured, or dead blood
cells
Monocytes: are the precursor to macrophage and
dendritic cells
11. Agranulocytes: Macrophages: Macrophages
• Remove old and damaged cells and large molecules from
circulation
• Are the major "antigen-processing" and "antigen-presenting"
cells that initiate immune responses
• Initiate wound healing and tissue remodeling
12. Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes (25%-33% of leukocytes)
• Are the major cells of the immune system
• Are mature T, B, and plasma cells
• Life span: days, months, or years, depending on the type
13. Natural Killer Cells: Natural killer (NK) cells (5%-10%)
• Found mainly in the peripheral blood and spleen
• Kill tumor cells and virally infected cells
, NU 545 Pathophysiology Unit 4 USA
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ipfdex
• Do not have to be induced by antigens
• Produce cytokines involved in the immune responses
14. Hematopoeisis location: Location:
Fetus: Yolk sac, Liver, and spleen, lastly marrow
Adults: Bone marrow and lymph
15. Hematopoeisis: 2 types of bone marrow in adults: Red (active, hematopoeitic, AKA myeloid
tissue)
-Pelvis, vertebrae, cranium, mandible, sternum/ribs, proximal humerus, femus
Yellow marrow (inactive marrow)
-Large quantity of fat makes yellow
16. Hematopoeisis: 2 types of stem cells: 1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC's):
-Progenitors of all hematologic cells
-Undergo continuous proliferation and self renewal so that additional HSCs are produced to replace those undergoing
differentiation
2. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
-stomal cells and have role of in maintaining HSCs;
differentiate into a variety of cells
(osteoblasts - produce bone marrow; adipocytes - store fat; chondrocytes - produce cartilage)
17. Hematologic compartment of bone marrow: 1. Consists of a
variety of cellular microenvironments, called niches
2. Contain
stem cells, precursor cells, and terminally differentiated cells
3. Provide coordinated signaling network
4. Regulates self-renewal,
differentiation, and maintained of HSCs
18. 2 types of hematologic niches: 1. Osteoblastic niche: centralized around osteoblasts, which
lines the surface of the bone. Contains osteoblasts, CAR
cells, and nestin-expressing cells.
2. Vascular niche: organized around the sinusoidal
endothelial cells. Contains endothelial cells, as well as
