NU- 545 Unit 3 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ctm0y1
1. What age group has the greatest risk of STI's?
Why?
p. 867: -Younger than 25.
-Adolescents engage in risky behaviors and have greater number of sexual partners than older adults.
-Incarcerated individuals have higher rates of STI d/t risky behavior prior to incarceration.
-Women, uncircumcised men, men who are receptive partner are at higher risk.
-Young women> risk than older women d/t position of susceptible cells on surface of cervix.
2. Bacterial STI- p. 869: Campylobacter
Calymmatobacterium Granulomatis
Chlamydia Trachomatis
3. Polymicrobial STI- p. 869: Gardnerella Vaginalis (Bacterial Vaginosis)
Haemophilus Ducreyi (Chancroid)
Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmosis)
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea)
Shigella (Shigellosis)
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
4. Viruses STI- p. 869: Cytomegalovirus
Hep B, C
HSV
HIV
HPV
Molluscum Contagiousum Virus
Zika Virus
5. Protozoa STI- p. 869: Entamoeba Histolytica (Amebiasis; Amebic dysentery)
Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis)
Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
6. Ectoparasites STI- p. 869: Pthirus pubis (Pediculosis pubis)
Sarcoptes Scabiei (Scabies)
7. Fungus STI- p. 869: Candida Albicans (Candidiasis)
8. How is Gonorrhea transmitted from mother to fetus? p, 870: Infected Cervical and
vaginal secretions. New born eyes can be infected and cause blindness if untreated.
, NU- 545 Unit 3 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ctm0y1
9. Gonorrhea p. 870: BACTERIAL
Gonorrhea Pathology: Local or systemic.
Manifestations: Uncomplicated-urethral infections in men and urogenital infections in women. Men will have sudden
onset of painful urination or purulent penile discharge or both within a week of infection. Women's symptoms will
manifest within 10days or within 1 to 2 days after the next menstrual period. Initially asymptomatic, symptoms appear
after spread to the upper reproductive tract. Symptoms include, dysuria, increased vaginal discharge, abnormal
menses, dyspareunia, lower abd pain and fever. Complicated- prostatitis, epididymitis, lymphangitis, and urethral
stricture in men and salpingitis, PID, and bartholinitis in women.
Diagnosis: direct culture is preferred. Physical exam may disclose cervical friability and erythema and mucopurulent
discharge from the cervical os. Abdominal palpation bilateral lower quadrant tenderness and rebound tenderness.
Treatment: quickly becoming antibiotic resistant. Multidrug therapy is recommended. (Ceftriaxone IM and azithromycin
or doxycycline po)
Complications: PID, sterility and disseminated infection. Transmission to fetus: If passed to the fetus the infection usually
manifests as an eye infection and develops 1-12 days after birth.
10. Endometrial Polyps p. 774: A benign mass of endometrial tissue. Contains glands, stroma, and blood
vessels. Can occur anywhere within the uterus. Classified as hyperplastic, atrophic (inactive), or functional. Develop
between 40-50 years of age but can occur at any age.
Diagnosed by: Transvaginal sonography or hysteroscopy.
Risk Factors: advanced age, obesity, nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, diabetes, tamoxifen use, HTN,
estrogenic states.
Malignancy is rare.
Polypectomy performed through hysteroscopy for symptomatic women, risk for malignancy, or struggling to conceive.
11. Leiomyomas- commonly called myomas or uterine fibroids p. 775: Benign smooth
muscle tumors in the myometrium.
Most common benign tumors of the uterus, 70-80% of women. Most are small asymptomatic and clinically insignificant.
Increases in ages 30-50 but then decreases with menopause. 2-5 x higher in Asian and black women. Black women
develop 10 years sooner than white women.
These tumors account for 30% of all hysterectomies < 40 years of age.
Cause unknown. Size related to estrogen, progesterone, growth factors, angiogenesis, apoptosis.
Tumors in pregnant women increase in size drastically but then decrease in size after pregnancy.
Risk factors: nulliparity, obesity, PCOS, black race, postmenopausal hormone use, HTN.
Mostly occur in multiples in the uterus.
, NU- 545 Unit 3 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ctm0y1
Classified as: subserous, submucous, or intramural (depends on place in uterine wall)
Unlike cancer- these tumors are unable to cause blood vessel proliferation to support their growth.
Clinical manifestations:
Abnormal uterine bleeding & pain. Slow growing.
May contribute to infertility and subfertility.
Suspected when bimanual examination discloses uterine enlargement and irregular nontender nodules. Pelvic sono-
gram or MRI confirms dx.
Treatment depends on symptoms
Shrink in response to oral contraceptives but oral contraceptive pills may enhance growth. LNG-IUD (progestin only)
may help with bleeding and < size. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonist temporary management for those
close to menopause or presurgical treatment.
Hysterectomy common. Myomectomy- removal of tumor from the muscle of the uterus.
12. Adenomyosis p. 776: Presence of endometrial tissue within the uterine myometrium. Estrogen and
progesterone play a role. Unlike endometriosis, this tissue does not respond to cyclic hormone changes and more
commonly found late in reproductive years.
On bimanual exam uterus is 2-3 times expected size.
Diagnosed with MRI.
Treatment: symptomatic and first-line therapy is NSAIDS, combined oral contraceptives, and LNG-IUD.
Hysterectomy if severe. Resection of localized area. Uterine ablation.
13. Uterine Sarcoma p. 783: Neoplasm that arise from mesenchymal tissues of and near the uterus,
including myometrial smooth muscle, endometrial stroma, or adjacent connective tissues.
They are rare. Average age of dx 50's. Some form in childhood.
These tumors can be divided into: endometrial stromal sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, adenosarcoma based of type of
tissue involved.
Risks: prior pelvic radiation, chronic excess estrogen exposure, use of tamoxifen, black race.
Symptoms: abnormal uterine bleeding, awareness of a mass, pelvic pressure or pain.
Vaginal discharge may be profuse and foul. GI and GU complaints common.
Treatment: total hysterectomy
5 year survival rate ranges from 50% early disease to 5% in advanced disease.
14. PCOS p. 764: The most common cause of anovulation and ovulatory dysfunction in women. It has at least two
of the following features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens (testosterone), and appearance of polycystic
ovaries on ultrasound.
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ctm0y1
1. What age group has the greatest risk of STI's?
Why?
p. 867: -Younger than 25.
-Adolescents engage in risky behaviors and have greater number of sexual partners than older adults.
-Incarcerated individuals have higher rates of STI d/t risky behavior prior to incarceration.
-Women, uncircumcised men, men who are receptive partner are at higher risk.
-Young women> risk than older women d/t position of susceptible cells on surface of cervix.
2. Bacterial STI- p. 869: Campylobacter
Calymmatobacterium Granulomatis
Chlamydia Trachomatis
3. Polymicrobial STI- p. 869: Gardnerella Vaginalis (Bacterial Vaginosis)
Haemophilus Ducreyi (Chancroid)
Mycoplasma (Mycoplasmosis)
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (Gonorrhea)
Shigella (Shigellosis)
Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
4. Viruses STI- p. 869: Cytomegalovirus
Hep B, C
HSV
HIV
HPV
Molluscum Contagiousum Virus
Zika Virus
5. Protozoa STI- p. 869: Entamoeba Histolytica (Amebiasis; Amebic dysentery)
Giardia Lamblia (Giardiasis)
Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)
6. Ectoparasites STI- p. 869: Pthirus pubis (Pediculosis pubis)
Sarcoptes Scabiei (Scabies)
7. Fungus STI- p. 869: Candida Albicans (Candidiasis)
8. How is Gonorrhea transmitted from mother to fetus? p, 870: Infected Cervical and
vaginal secretions. New born eyes can be infected and cause blindness if untreated.
, NU- 545 Unit 3 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ctm0y1
9. Gonorrhea p. 870: BACTERIAL
Gonorrhea Pathology: Local or systemic.
Manifestations: Uncomplicated-urethral infections in men and urogenital infections in women. Men will have sudden
onset of painful urination or purulent penile discharge or both within a week of infection. Women's symptoms will
manifest within 10days or within 1 to 2 days after the next menstrual period. Initially asymptomatic, symptoms appear
after spread to the upper reproductive tract. Symptoms include, dysuria, increased vaginal discharge, abnormal
menses, dyspareunia, lower abd pain and fever. Complicated- prostatitis, epididymitis, lymphangitis, and urethral
stricture in men and salpingitis, PID, and bartholinitis in women.
Diagnosis: direct culture is preferred. Physical exam may disclose cervical friability and erythema and mucopurulent
discharge from the cervical os. Abdominal palpation bilateral lower quadrant tenderness and rebound tenderness.
Treatment: quickly becoming antibiotic resistant. Multidrug therapy is recommended. (Ceftriaxone IM and azithromycin
or doxycycline po)
Complications: PID, sterility and disseminated infection. Transmission to fetus: If passed to the fetus the infection usually
manifests as an eye infection and develops 1-12 days after birth.
10. Endometrial Polyps p. 774: A benign mass of endometrial tissue. Contains glands, stroma, and blood
vessels. Can occur anywhere within the uterus. Classified as hyperplastic, atrophic (inactive), or functional. Develop
between 40-50 years of age but can occur at any age.
Diagnosed by: Transvaginal sonography or hysteroscopy.
Risk Factors: advanced age, obesity, nulliparity, early menarche, late menopause, diabetes, tamoxifen use, HTN,
estrogenic states.
Malignancy is rare.
Polypectomy performed through hysteroscopy for symptomatic women, risk for malignancy, or struggling to conceive.
11. Leiomyomas- commonly called myomas or uterine fibroids p. 775: Benign smooth
muscle tumors in the myometrium.
Most common benign tumors of the uterus, 70-80% of women. Most are small asymptomatic and clinically insignificant.
Increases in ages 30-50 but then decreases with menopause. 2-5 x higher in Asian and black women. Black women
develop 10 years sooner than white women.
These tumors account for 30% of all hysterectomies < 40 years of age.
Cause unknown. Size related to estrogen, progesterone, growth factors, angiogenesis, apoptosis.
Tumors in pregnant women increase in size drastically but then decrease in size after pregnancy.
Risk factors: nulliparity, obesity, PCOS, black race, postmenopausal hormone use, HTN.
Mostly occur in multiples in the uterus.
, NU- 545 Unit 3 Study Guide
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_ctm0y1
Classified as: subserous, submucous, or intramural (depends on place in uterine wall)
Unlike cancer- these tumors are unable to cause blood vessel proliferation to support their growth.
Clinical manifestations:
Abnormal uterine bleeding & pain. Slow growing.
May contribute to infertility and subfertility.
Suspected when bimanual examination discloses uterine enlargement and irregular nontender nodules. Pelvic sono-
gram or MRI confirms dx.
Treatment depends on symptoms
Shrink in response to oral contraceptives but oral contraceptive pills may enhance growth. LNG-IUD (progestin only)
may help with bleeding and < size. GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) agonist temporary management for those
close to menopause or presurgical treatment.
Hysterectomy common. Myomectomy- removal of tumor from the muscle of the uterus.
12. Adenomyosis p. 776: Presence of endometrial tissue within the uterine myometrium. Estrogen and
progesterone play a role. Unlike endometriosis, this tissue does not respond to cyclic hormone changes and more
commonly found late in reproductive years.
On bimanual exam uterus is 2-3 times expected size.
Diagnosed with MRI.
Treatment: symptomatic and first-line therapy is NSAIDS, combined oral contraceptives, and LNG-IUD.
Hysterectomy if severe. Resection of localized area. Uterine ablation.
13. Uterine Sarcoma p. 783: Neoplasm that arise from mesenchymal tissues of and near the uterus,
including myometrial smooth muscle, endometrial stroma, or adjacent connective tissues.
They are rare. Average age of dx 50's. Some form in childhood.
These tumors can be divided into: endometrial stromal sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, adenosarcoma based of type of
tissue involved.
Risks: prior pelvic radiation, chronic excess estrogen exposure, use of tamoxifen, black race.
Symptoms: abnormal uterine bleeding, awareness of a mass, pelvic pressure or pain.
Vaginal discharge may be profuse and foul. GI and GU complaints common.
Treatment: total hysterectomy
5 year survival rate ranges from 50% early disease to 5% in advanced disease.
14. PCOS p. 764: The most common cause of anovulation and ovulatory dysfunction in women. It has at least two
of the following features: irregular ovulation, elevated levels of androgens (testosterone), and appearance of polycystic
ovaries on ultrasound.
