, ALTA Certification Review – EXAM STUDY
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS <NEWEST
VERSION>
Vowel - ANSWER A class of open speech sounds produced by the easy passage of air through
a relatively open vocal tract. A, E, I, O, U
Consonant - ANSWER One of a class of speech sounds in which sound moving through the
vocal tract is constricted or obstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation.
Accent - ANSWER Stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a
phrase or sentence. The accented part is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The
speaker's mouth opens wider while saying an accented syllable.
Syllable - ANSWER a spoken or written unit that must have a vowel sound and that may
include consonants that precede or follow that vowel. Syllables are units of sound made by one
impulse of voice.
Open Syllable - ANSWER A syllable ending with a long vowel sound. (labor, freedom)
,Closed Syllable - ANSWER A syllable ending with one or more consonants. The vowel is
usually short.
Base Word - ANSWER A word to which affixes are added. A base word can stand alone.
Derivative - ANSWER A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes
Affix - ANSWER A letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning or ending of a base
word or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different that
the base word or root.
Prefix - ANSWER An affix attached to the beginning of a word that changes the meaning of
that word.
Suffix - ANSWER A morpheme attached to the end of a word that creates a word with a
different form or use. Suffixes include inflected forms indicating tense, number, person and
comparatives.
Macron - ANSWER The flat diacritical mark above a vowel in a send picture or
phonic/dictionary notation that indicates a long sound.
Breve - ANSWER The curved diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture or
phonic/dictionary symbol notation that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable in which at
least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable.
Tilde - ANSWER A diacritical marking. A wavy line placed over any vowel before r in a
combination to indicate the unaccented pronunciation eg letter. The tildes used both in coding
words and in a sound picture. When the pronunciation of any unaccented vowel-r combination
is respelled in the dictionary sound picture, the symbol (er) is used
, Cedilla - ANSWER The curved line placed beneath c to indicate its "soft" or (s)
pronunciation, as opposed to its hard or (k) pronunciation. Students use the coding on c before
the letters e, i, or y (the softeners), to remind themselves to pronounced the (s) sound eg mice.
Digraph - ANSWER Two adjacent letters repressing a single consonant sound
Consonant Digraph - ANSWER Two adjacent letters repressing a single consonant sound
Vowel Digraph - ANSWER To adjacent letters representing a single vowel sound
Trigraph - ANSWER Three adjacent letters which represent one speech sound (tch)
Quadrigraph - ANSWER Four adjacent letters representing one sound (eigh)
Combination - ANSWER A pattern of letters (found in a single syllable) which occurs
frequently together. The pronunciation of at least one of the component parts is unexpected or
the letters stand in an unexpected sequence ( ar, er, ir, or, us, qu, wh)
Diphthong - ANSWER Two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds
blend smoothly together in one syllable. There are only four diphthongs in English. These are
ou/out, ow/cow, oi/oil, oy, boy
Grapheme - ANSWER A significant unit of visual shape. We use the visual shape as to cover
not only writing, but also any other shape perceived by the eye which is a visible representation
of a unit of speech. A single graphic letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound.
GUIDE 2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS <NEWEST
VERSION>
Vowel - ANSWER A class of open speech sounds produced by the easy passage of air through
a relatively open vocal tract. A, E, I, O, U
Consonant - ANSWER One of a class of speech sounds in which sound moving through the
vocal tract is constricted or obstructed by the lips, tongue or teeth during articulation.
Accent - ANSWER Stress or emphasis on one syllable in a word or on one or more words in a
phrase or sentence. The accented part is spoken louder, longer, and/or in a higher tone. The
speaker's mouth opens wider while saying an accented syllable.
Syllable - ANSWER a spoken or written unit that must have a vowel sound and that may
include consonants that precede or follow that vowel. Syllables are units of sound made by one
impulse of voice.
Open Syllable - ANSWER A syllable ending with a long vowel sound. (labor, freedom)
,Closed Syllable - ANSWER A syllable ending with one or more consonants. The vowel is
usually short.
Base Word - ANSWER A word to which affixes are added. A base word can stand alone.
Derivative - ANSWER A word made from a base word by the addition of one or more affixes
Affix - ANSWER A letter or a group of letters attached to the beginning or ending of a base
word or root that creates a derivative with a meaning or grammatical form that is different that
the base word or root.
Prefix - ANSWER An affix attached to the beginning of a word that changes the meaning of
that word.
Suffix - ANSWER A morpheme attached to the end of a word that creates a word with a
different form or use. Suffixes include inflected forms indicating tense, number, person and
comparatives.
Macron - ANSWER The flat diacritical mark above a vowel in a send picture or
phonic/dictionary notation that indicates a long sound.
Breve - ANSWER The curved diacritical mark above a vowel in a sound picture or
phonic/dictionary symbol notation that indicates a short sound in a closed syllable in which at
least one consonant comes after the vowel in the same syllable.
Tilde - ANSWER A diacritical marking. A wavy line placed over any vowel before r in a
combination to indicate the unaccented pronunciation eg letter. The tildes used both in coding
words and in a sound picture. When the pronunciation of any unaccented vowel-r combination
is respelled in the dictionary sound picture, the symbol (er) is used
, Cedilla - ANSWER The curved line placed beneath c to indicate its "soft" or (s)
pronunciation, as opposed to its hard or (k) pronunciation. Students use the coding on c before
the letters e, i, or y (the softeners), to remind themselves to pronounced the (s) sound eg mice.
Digraph - ANSWER Two adjacent letters repressing a single consonant sound
Consonant Digraph - ANSWER Two adjacent letters repressing a single consonant sound
Vowel Digraph - ANSWER To adjacent letters representing a single vowel sound
Trigraph - ANSWER Three adjacent letters which represent one speech sound (tch)
Quadrigraph - ANSWER Four adjacent letters representing one sound (eigh)
Combination - ANSWER A pattern of letters (found in a single syllable) which occurs
frequently together. The pronunciation of at least one of the component parts is unexpected or
the letters stand in an unexpected sequence ( ar, er, ir, or, us, qu, wh)
Diphthong - ANSWER Two vowels standing adjacent in the same syllable whose sounds
blend smoothly together in one syllable. There are only four diphthongs in English. These are
ou/out, ow/cow, oi/oil, oy, boy
Grapheme - ANSWER A significant unit of visual shape. We use the visual shape as to cover
not only writing, but also any other shape perceived by the eye which is a visible representation
of a unit of speech. A single graphic letter or letter cluster which represents a speech sound.
