PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. Federalism Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a
central (federal) authority and individual states. In the United States, both
national and state governments have roles in creating and enforcing
laws.
2. Foundations of Foundations of pathophysiology refer to the essential principles
Pathophysiolog
y describing how disease processes disturb the body’s normal functions.
It includes understanding normal anatomy and physiology and how
pathological changes lead to health problems.
3. Environment Environmental health influence involves factors outside the body, such
al Health
Influences on as pollu- tants, lifestyle habits, and socioeconomic conditions, which can
Disease and cause or worsen diseases and injuries. Understanding these influences
Injury helps identify how the environment contributes to disease risk and
4. Hazards and prevention.
Health
Effects
of Hazards and health ettects of environmental agents describe the
Environmental
Agents potential dan- gers environmental substances pose and the ways they
can cause illness or injury. These agents may be chemical, biological, or
physical and can lead to conditions such as respiratory diseases,
cancer, or neurological disorders.
5. Air Pollution Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air, such as
gases, particles, and chemicals, which can cause adverse health ettects in
humans, including worsening of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
6. Lead Exposure Lead exposure is the absorption or contact with lead forms, mainly
,PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
through con- taminated air, food, water, or surfaces. It can harm many
body systems, especially the nervous system, and is most dangerous
for children.
7. Respiratory A respiratory illness is any disease attecting the lungs or breathing
Ill- ness
passages. Common environmental causes include exposure to irritants like
chemicals or
,PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
particulates, which can contribute to conditions like asthma or chronic
bronchitis.
8. Key Concepts Key concepts of environmental health from related sciences include
of ideas such as exposure, dose-response, risk assessment, and
Environmental
Health from Re- susceptibility. These concepts draw from fields like toxicology,
lated Sciences epidemiology, and environmental science to explain how
environmental factors attect human health.
9. Dose- Dose-response relationship describes how the amount of a harmful
Response
Relationship substance people are exposed to (dose) relates to the severity or
likelihood of health outcomes (response).
10. General General principles in pharmacology are the foundational concepts that
Princi- ples in
Pharma- explain how drugs act in the body, how they are absorbed, distributed,
cology metabolized, and excreted, and how their ettects are measured and
used therapeutically.
11. Principles of Toxi- The principles of toxicology involve studying the harmful ettects of
substances
cology on living organisms and understanding how toxins cause damage and how to
prevent or treat poisoning.
12. Heavy Metals Heavy metals are dense metallic elements such as lead, mercury, and
cadmium
that can be toxic to humans and other organisms when accumulated
in the body. They often interfere with biological processes and can cause
chronic health problems.
,PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
13. Mercury Mercury accumulation refers to the build-up of mercury in the body,
Accu-
mulation often from environmental or occupational exposure, leading to harmful
ettects on the ner- vous and renal systems.
14. Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity is the harmful ettect of certain substances, such as heavy
metals, on the nervous system, which can lead to symptoms like
cognitive impairment and nerve damage.
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
1. Federalism Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a
central (federal) authority and individual states. In the United States, both
national and state governments have roles in creating and enforcing
laws.
2. Foundations of Foundations of pathophysiology refer to the essential principles
Pathophysiolog
y describing how disease processes disturb the body’s normal functions.
It includes understanding normal anatomy and physiology and how
pathological changes lead to health problems.
3. Environment Environmental health influence involves factors outside the body, such
al Health
Influences on as pollu- tants, lifestyle habits, and socioeconomic conditions, which can
Disease and cause or worsen diseases and injuries. Understanding these influences
Injury helps identify how the environment contributes to disease risk and
4. Hazards and prevention.
Health
Effects
of Hazards and health ettects of environmental agents describe the
Environmental
Agents potential dan- gers environmental substances pose and the ways they
can cause illness or injury. These agents may be chemical, biological, or
physical and can lead to conditions such as respiratory diseases,
cancer, or neurological disorders.
5. Air Pollution Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air, such as
gases, particles, and chemicals, which can cause adverse health ettects in
humans, including worsening of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
6. Lead Exposure Lead exposure is the absorption or contact with lead forms, mainly
,PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
through con- taminated air, food, water, or surfaces. It can harm many
body systems, especially the nervous system, and is most dangerous
for children.
7. Respiratory A respiratory illness is any disease attecting the lungs or breathing
Ill- ness
passages. Common environmental causes include exposure to irritants like
chemicals or
,PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
particulates, which can contribute to conditions like asthma or chronic
bronchitis.
8. Key Concepts Key concepts of environmental health from related sciences include
of ideas such as exposure, dose-response, risk assessment, and
Environmental
Health from Re- susceptibility. These concepts draw from fields like toxicology,
lated Sciences epidemiology, and environmental science to explain how
environmental factors attect human health.
9. Dose- Dose-response relationship describes how the amount of a harmful
Response
Relationship substance people are exposed to (dose) relates to the severity or
likelihood of health outcomes (response).
10. General General principles in pharmacology are the foundational concepts that
Princi- ples in
Pharma- explain how drugs act in the body, how they are absorbed, distributed,
cology metabolized, and excreted, and how their ettects are measured and
used therapeutically.
11. Principles of Toxi- The principles of toxicology involve studying the harmful ettects of
substances
cology on living organisms and understanding how toxins cause damage and how to
prevent or treat poisoning.
12. Heavy Metals Heavy metals are dense metallic elements such as lead, mercury, and
cadmium
that can be toxic to humans and other organisms when accumulated
in the body. They often interfere with biological processes and can cause
chronic health problems.
,PUBLIC HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
FINAL EXAM, KEY CONCEPTS QUESTIONS &
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
13. Mercury Mercury accumulation refers to the build-up of mercury in the body,
Accu-
mulation often from environmental or occupational exposure, leading to harmful
ettects on the ner- vous and renal systems.
14. Neurotoxicity Neurotoxicity is the harmful ettect of certain substances, such as heavy
metals, on the nervous system, which can lead to symptoms like
cognitive impairment and nerve damage.
