HOSA EPIDEMIOLOGY EXAM SCRIPT 2026
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Disease. Answer: Results only if and when, as a consequence of the
invasion and growth of a pathogen, tissue function is impaired.
⩥ Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Answer: Grows only on nasal and
throat surfaces. Toxin that is produced gets distributed to other tissues by
the circulatory system, damaging heart, liver, and nerve tissues.
⩥ Streptococcus pyogenes. Answer: infectious agent associated with
several diseases including strep throat and "flesh-eating disease,"
produces several enzymes that break down barriers between epithelial
cells and remove fibrin clots, helping the bacteria invade tissues
⩥ The 5 major types of infectious agents. Answer: 1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Helminths
,⩥ Bacteria. Answer: unicellular prokaryotic organisms; that is, they have
no organized internal membranous structures such as nuclei,
mitochondria, or lysosomes. Bacterial genomes consist of circular,
double-stranded DNA. Their genomes associate with much less protein
⩥ Most bacteria reproduce by. Answer: growing and dividing into two
cells in a process known as binary fission
⩥ Virus particle is composed of. Answer: viral genome of nucleic acid
that is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
⩥ Fungi are. Answer: Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that have
rigid cellulose- or chitin-based cell walls and reproduce primarily by
forming spores. Most fungi are multicellular, although some, such as
yeasts, are unicellular.
⩥ Protozoa. Answer: Unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that include
the familiar amoeba and paramecium. Because protozoa do not have cell
walls, they are capable of a variety of rapid and flexible movements.
Protozoa can be acquired through contaminated food or water or by the
bite of an infected arthropod such as a mosquito.
⩥ Helminths. Answer: simple, invertebrate animals, some of which are
infectious parasites. They are multicellular and have differentiated
tissues.
,⩥ what factor can cause greater tissue damage than the growth of
pathogens?. Answer: The production of toins or destructive enzymes by
the pathogen
⩥ 3 most common shapes of bacteria are:. Answer: Rod-shaped,
spherical, and helical rods
⩥ Why are viruses not considered organisms?. Answer: They have no
metabolism and can't reproduce.
⩥ 2 DNA viruses:. Answer: Herpes and poxvirus
⩥ 3 RNA viruses that can cause human disease?. Answer: Rhinovirus,
rotaviruses and retroviruses (causes cancer).
⩥ How do fungi reproduce?. Answer: By forming spores
⩥ What are some diseases that are transmitted mainly through direct
contact with the reservoir?. Answer: Ringworm, influenza, and rabies
⩥ When does horizontal transmission occur?. Answer: When the
infectious agent is passed from person to person in a group.
, ⩥ When does a vertical transmission occur?. Answer: When the disease
is transmitted from parent to child during the process of reproduction or
birth.
⩥ Specific defenses. Answer: They target particular pathogens and
pathogen infected cells.
⩥ Non-specific defenses. Answer: Operate against a wide range of
pathogens.
⩥ Which type of mechanism is the body's primary defense against
diseases?. Answer: Non-specific mechanisms
⩥ Inflammatory response. Answer: Helps prevent infectious agents from
spreading in the body (a nonspecific defense mechanisms)
⩥ Vaccine. Answer: Killed or weakened strain of a particular pathogen.
⩥ Antimicrobials. Answer: Anything that inhibits the growth of
microbes.
⩥ Which infectious agents are unicellular?. Answer: Bacteria, protozoa,
and viruses
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ Disease. Answer: Results only if and when, as a consequence of the
invasion and growth of a pathogen, tissue function is impaired.
⩥ Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Answer: Grows only on nasal and
throat surfaces. Toxin that is produced gets distributed to other tissues by
the circulatory system, damaging heart, liver, and nerve tissues.
⩥ Streptococcus pyogenes. Answer: infectious agent associated with
several diseases including strep throat and "flesh-eating disease,"
produces several enzymes that break down barriers between epithelial
cells and remove fibrin clots, helping the bacteria invade tissues
⩥ The 5 major types of infectious agents. Answer: 1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Fungi
4. Protozoa
5. Helminths
,⩥ Bacteria. Answer: unicellular prokaryotic organisms; that is, they have
no organized internal membranous structures such as nuclei,
mitochondria, or lysosomes. Bacterial genomes consist of circular,
double-stranded DNA. Their genomes associate with much less protein
⩥ Most bacteria reproduce by. Answer: growing and dividing into two
cells in a process known as binary fission
⩥ Virus particle is composed of. Answer: viral genome of nucleic acid
that is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
⩥ Fungi are. Answer: Eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms that have
rigid cellulose- or chitin-based cell walls and reproduce primarily by
forming spores. Most fungi are multicellular, although some, such as
yeasts, are unicellular.
⩥ Protozoa. Answer: Unicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that include
the familiar amoeba and paramecium. Because protozoa do not have cell
walls, they are capable of a variety of rapid and flexible movements.
Protozoa can be acquired through contaminated food or water or by the
bite of an infected arthropod such as a mosquito.
⩥ Helminths. Answer: simple, invertebrate animals, some of which are
infectious parasites. They are multicellular and have differentiated
tissues.
,⩥ what factor can cause greater tissue damage than the growth of
pathogens?. Answer: The production of toins or destructive enzymes by
the pathogen
⩥ 3 most common shapes of bacteria are:. Answer: Rod-shaped,
spherical, and helical rods
⩥ Why are viruses not considered organisms?. Answer: They have no
metabolism and can't reproduce.
⩥ 2 DNA viruses:. Answer: Herpes and poxvirus
⩥ 3 RNA viruses that can cause human disease?. Answer: Rhinovirus,
rotaviruses and retroviruses (causes cancer).
⩥ How do fungi reproduce?. Answer: By forming spores
⩥ What are some diseases that are transmitted mainly through direct
contact with the reservoir?. Answer: Ringworm, influenza, and rabies
⩥ When does horizontal transmission occur?. Answer: When the
infectious agent is passed from person to person in a group.
, ⩥ When does a vertical transmission occur?. Answer: When the disease
is transmitted from parent to child during the process of reproduction or
birth.
⩥ Specific defenses. Answer: They target particular pathogens and
pathogen infected cells.
⩥ Non-specific defenses. Answer: Operate against a wide range of
pathogens.
⩥ Which type of mechanism is the body's primary defense against
diseases?. Answer: Non-specific mechanisms
⩥ Inflammatory response. Answer: Helps prevent infectious agents from
spreading in the body (a nonspecific defense mechanisms)
⩥ Vaccine. Answer: Killed or weakened strain of a particular pathogen.
⩥ Antimicrobials. Answer: Anything that inhibits the growth of
microbes.
⩥ Which infectious agents are unicellular?. Answer: Bacteria, protozoa,
and viruses
