Media-effecten (academie jaar 2025-
2026)
Inhoudsopgave
Media-effecten (academie jaar 2025-2026)..........................................................1
Les 1 – Inleiding................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Werking Moral Panics.................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Doelen van media-effecten onderzoek..........................................................................7
1.3 Hoe doelen bereiken?.................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Geschiedenis van media-effecten onderzoek................................................................8
1.4.1 Effectgroottes in media-effecten onderzoek...........................................................8
1.4.2 - 5 uitdagingen voor toekomst media-effecten onderzoek......................................9
Les 2 – Onderzoeksmethoden in media-effecten onderzoek................................11
2.1 Inhoudsanalyse........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Bv. jongeren & food marketing (artikel TOLEDO)..................................................12
2.2 Survey......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Survey sociale media (jongeren & food)...............................................................13
2.2.2 Zoektocht naar causale verbanden.......................................................................13
2.3 Experiment.................................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Voorbeeld: kinderen en ongezonde voedselreclame op tv....................................14
2.3.2 Controverse.......................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Meta-analyse............................................................................................................... 15
Les 3 – Agendasetting......................................................................................16
3.1 Agenda-setting theorie................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Historische context...................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Onderzoek sindsdien............................................................................................. 17
3.3 Acapulco typologie...................................................................................................... 17
3.4 Uitbreiding agendasetting........................................................................................... 18
3.4.1 - 2de niveau........................................................................................................... 19
3.5 Artikel – Covid 19 (3de niveau agenda-setting).............................................................20
Les 4 – Framing................................................................................................ 22
4.1 Framing theorie........................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Disciplinaire oorsprong................................................................................................ 23
1
, 4.2.1 Sociologische roots (macro-level benadering).......................................................23
4.2.2 Psychologische roots (micro-level benadering).....................................................23
4.3 Framing- en andere effecten.......................................................................................24
4.4 Framing in communicatieonderzoek............................................................................25
4.4.1 (1) Frame building................................................................................................. 25
4.4.2 (2) Frame identificatie...........................................................................................26
4.4.3 (3) Frame setting..................................................................................................27
4.4.4 Problemen bij framing onderzoek.........................................................................28
Les 5 – Cultivation theory.................................................................................29
5.1 Cultivation theory........................................................................................................ 29
5.1.1 Cultivatie.............................................................................................................. 29
5.1.2 Televisie in de maatschappij.................................................................................29
5.1.3 Shift van effecten naar cultivatie..........................................................................30
5.1.4 Methodes.............................................................................................................. 30
5.1.5 Cultivatie onderzoek.............................................................................................30
5.1.6 Mainstreaming...................................................................................................... 31
5.1.7 Internationale context...........................................................................................31
5.1.8 Cultivatie onderzoek (vervolg)..............................................................................31
5.1.9 Cultivation Theory in de 21ste eeuw.......................................................................32
5.2 Social cognition (uitbreiding cultivation effects)..........................................................32
5.2.1 Social cognition..................................................................................................... 33
5.2.2 Cultivatie effecten – psychologische processen....................................................33
5.2.3 Second order model..............................................................................................36
Les 6 – Media priming.......................................................................................37
6.1 (Media) Priming........................................................................................................... 37
6.1.1 Media geweld & priming.......................................................................................37
6.1.2 Politieke media & priming.....................................................................................37
6.1.3 Priming, media & stereotypen...............................................................................38
6.2 Modellen die priming verklaren...................................................................................39
6.2.1 Network models of memory..................................................................................39
6.2.2 Modellen voor violence priming............................................................................40
6.2.3 Modellen voor political priming.............................................................................40
6.3 Alternatieve modellen: mentale modellen...................................................................41
6.4 Conclusie..................................................................................................................... 42
Les 7 – Elaboration Likelihood Model.................................................................43
7.1 Massamedia overtuiging............................................................................................. 43
7.1.1 Media campagnes & attitudes..............................................................................43
7.2 Theorieën rond attitudeverandering............................................................................44
7.2.1 The Communication / Persuasion Matrix Model of Media effects...........................44
7.2.2 Cognitive Response Theory (CRT).........................................................................45
7.3 Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM).............................................................................45
2
, 7.4 Elementen en hun rol in ELM.......................................................................................47
7.5 Link tussen attitude en gedrag....................................................................................49
Les 8 – Social Cognitive Theory.........................................................................51
8.1 Social cognitive theory................................................................................................ 51
8.2 Agency........................................................................................................................ 52
8.3 Mechanismen van observationeel leren......................................................................54
8.3.1 Abstract modeling.................................................................................................54
8.3.2 Vicarious arousal................................................................................................... 55
8.4 Effecten van observationeel leren...............................................................................55
8.4.1 Motivational effects...............................................................................................55
8.4.2 Constructie sociale werkelijkheid & social prompting............................................57
8.4.3 Soorten effecten en methoden.............................................................................57
Les 9 – Uses & Gratifications.............................................................................59
9.1 Uses & gratifications (U&G)......................................................................................... 59
9.1.1 Functionele benadering.........................................................................................60
9.1.2 Benadering & assumpties.....................................................................................61
9.1.3 Typologieën (v/d motieven/ noden van mensen)...................................................61
9.1.4 Kritiek op U&G...................................................................................................... 62
9.2 Hedendaagse studies.................................................................................................. 62
9.2.1 Pornografiegebruik tijdens COVID-19 pandemie...................................................62
9.3 Media uses & effects................................................................................................... 63
Les 10 – Individuele verschillen & third- person effect........................................65
10.1 Individuele verschillen............................................................................................... 65
10.1.1 Individuele verschillen in effectenonderzoek......................................................65
10.1.2 Enjoyment/ emotionele reacties op media..........................................................65
10.1.3 Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinnering van media........................67
10.1.4 Effecten van media op attitudes en gedrag........................................................68
10.2 Third-person effect.................................................................................................... 68
10.2.1 Denkfout, onderzoek & verklaringen...................................................................68
10.2.2 Conditionele third person-effecten......................................................................69
10.2.3 Gevolgen van TPE voor media-effecten..............................................................70
Les 11 – Media & seksualiteit............................................................................71
11.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................... 71
11.2 Adolescenten en geseksualiseerde media.................................................................71
11.2.1 Begindagen van media-effecten onderzoek........................................................71
11.3 Adolescenten en pornografie.....................................................................................73
11.3.1 Differential susceptibility to Media Effects Model................................................74
11.3.2 Conclusie............................................................................................................ 75
3
, 11.4 Sexting en cyber relationeel geweld.........................................................................76
11.4.1 Online disinhibitie-effect (Suler, 2004)................................................................76
11.4.2 Sexting................................................................................................................ 77
11.4.3 Wereldwijde prevalentie sexting (hoe vaak komt het voor?)...............................77
11.4.4 Motieven en gevolgen van sexting......................................................................78
Les 12 – Media & body image............................................................................83
12.1 Body image............................................................................................................... 83
12.1.1 Positief lichaamsbeeld........................................................................................83
12.1.2 Invloeden op body image....................................................................................83
12.2 Body image op sociale media....................................................................................84
12.2.1 #Thinspiration.................................................................................................... 84
12.2.2 #Fitspiration....................................................................................................... 84
12.3 Social comparison theory (Festinger)........................................................................85
12.3.1 Upward social comparison..................................................................................85
12.3.2 Downward social comparison..............................................................................86
12.4 Influencers................................................................................................................ 86
12.4.1 Waarom volgen adolescenten fitfluencers?.........................................................86
12.5 #body positivity........................................................................................................ 87
12.5.1 Body image beschermen....................................................................................87
12.6 Wat nu?..................................................................................................................... 88
Les 13 – Gokken en adolescenten......................................................................89
13.1 Introductie: jongeren & gokken.................................................................................89
13.2 Gesimuleerd gokken.................................................................................................. 89
13.2.1 Theory of reasoned action..................................................................................90
13.2.2 Onderzoek naar gokken onder jongeren.............................................................90
13.3 Jongeren en gokreclame............................................................................................ 92
13.3.1 Conclusie............................................................................................................ 94
13.4 Algemene conclusie.................................................................................................. 95
Les 14 – Effecten van digitale games.................................................................95
14.1 Negatieve effecten.................................................................................................... 95
14.1.1 Effect 1: Gamegeweld & agressie.......................................................................95
14.1.2 Effect 2: gameverslaving....................................................................................98
14.1.3 Effect 3: seksuele game-inhoud..........................................................................99
14.1.4 Effect 4: Stereotypes in games.........................................................................101
14.2 Positieve effecten.................................................................................................... 104
14.2.1 Voordelen in 4 domeinen..................................................................................104
14.2.2 Hedonische ervaringen.....................................................................................106
14.2.3 Eudaimonische ervaringen................................................................................108
Les 15 – Media & angst: kinderen en nieuws....................................................114
4
, 15.1 Nieuwsconsumptie van kinderen.............................................................................114
15.1.1 Nieuwsconsumptie van kinderen: voordelen.....................................................114
15.1.2 Nieuwsconsumptie van kinderen: nadelen........................................................114
15.3 Angst bij kinderen (8-12 jaar)..................................................................................114
15.3.1 Ontwikkelingsperspectief..................................................................................114
15.3.2 Wat vinden kinderen eng nieuws?.....................................................................115
15.3.3 Cultivatietheorie............................................................................................... 116
15.4 Nieuws op maat van kinderen.................................................................................116
15.4.1 Kinderjournaals................................................................................................. 116
15.4.2 LC4MP-model.................................................................................................... 116
15.5 Negatieve effecten mediëren..................................................................................117
15.5.1 Parental mediation theory.................................................................................117
15.5.2 Geen duidelijke “beste” strategie.....................................................................118
15.6 Hoe ervaren kinderen ouderlijke mediatie van nieuws?..........................................118
15.6.1 Geruststelllingsstrategieën...............................................................................119
15.6.2 Wat met sociale media? (Opgenhaffen et al.)...................................................120
15.7 Perspectief van het kind.......................................................................................... 121
5
, Les 1 – Inleiding
Media-effecten = the (1) cognitive, attitudinal, social or behavioral
changes that occur in (2) individuals, groups or society due to (3) media
content, exposure or interactions. Media-effects can occur across various
types of media including tv, social media, radio and print, and can be (4)
immediate of long-term, (5) direct or indirect.
Voorbeelden invloed media:
Colombine school shooting: “schuld van media door het brainwashen
van daders”
(bv. games geweld)
Hanse Van Themsche: shooting in Antwerpen “door media, fan van
GTA”
Charlie Kirk: vermoord “dader geradicaliseerd door media”
Media als zondebok/ kern van waarheid…?
Moral panics, verwijzingen naar media = van alle tijden onderzoek nodig
vr antwoorden
1.1 Werking Moral Panics
Eigen ervaring:
Media-effecten inschatten o.b.v. persoonlijke ervaringen
“sociale media geen invloed op hoe ik me voel”
Media kan meer invloed op je hebben dan je zelf denkt denkfout!
Third-person effect: “media hebben geen invloed op mij, wel op
anderen”
Autoriteit:
Blindelings vertrouwen in personen met autoriteit (bv. dokters, proffen)
Halo-effect: mensen die expert zijn op één gebied, worden gezien als
intelligent over de hele lijn
( of bv. “hij ziet er mooi uit, dus is ook vriendelijk, slim, …)
Bv. Politici waarschuwen vaak over media-effecten, zonder expertise
hierover
Wetenschap:
Geen eenduidig antwoord
6
2026)
Inhoudsopgave
Media-effecten (academie jaar 2025-2026)..........................................................1
Les 1 – Inleiding................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Werking Moral Panics.................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Doelen van media-effecten onderzoek..........................................................................7
1.3 Hoe doelen bereiken?.................................................................................................... 7
1.4 Geschiedenis van media-effecten onderzoek................................................................8
1.4.1 Effectgroottes in media-effecten onderzoek...........................................................8
1.4.2 - 5 uitdagingen voor toekomst media-effecten onderzoek......................................9
Les 2 – Onderzoeksmethoden in media-effecten onderzoek................................11
2.1 Inhoudsanalyse........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Bv. jongeren & food marketing (artikel TOLEDO)..................................................12
2.2 Survey......................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1 Survey sociale media (jongeren & food)...............................................................13
2.2.2 Zoektocht naar causale verbanden.......................................................................13
2.3 Experiment.................................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Voorbeeld: kinderen en ongezonde voedselreclame op tv....................................14
2.3.2 Controverse.......................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Meta-analyse............................................................................................................... 15
Les 3 – Agendasetting......................................................................................16
3.1 Agenda-setting theorie................................................................................................ 16
3.2 Historische context...................................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Onderzoek sindsdien............................................................................................. 17
3.3 Acapulco typologie...................................................................................................... 17
3.4 Uitbreiding agendasetting........................................................................................... 18
3.4.1 - 2de niveau........................................................................................................... 19
3.5 Artikel – Covid 19 (3de niveau agenda-setting).............................................................20
Les 4 – Framing................................................................................................ 22
4.1 Framing theorie........................................................................................................... 22
4.2 Disciplinaire oorsprong................................................................................................ 23
1
, 4.2.1 Sociologische roots (macro-level benadering).......................................................23
4.2.2 Psychologische roots (micro-level benadering).....................................................23
4.3 Framing- en andere effecten.......................................................................................24
4.4 Framing in communicatieonderzoek............................................................................25
4.4.1 (1) Frame building................................................................................................. 25
4.4.2 (2) Frame identificatie...........................................................................................26
4.4.3 (3) Frame setting..................................................................................................27
4.4.4 Problemen bij framing onderzoek.........................................................................28
Les 5 – Cultivation theory.................................................................................29
5.1 Cultivation theory........................................................................................................ 29
5.1.1 Cultivatie.............................................................................................................. 29
5.1.2 Televisie in de maatschappij.................................................................................29
5.1.3 Shift van effecten naar cultivatie..........................................................................30
5.1.4 Methodes.............................................................................................................. 30
5.1.5 Cultivatie onderzoek.............................................................................................30
5.1.6 Mainstreaming...................................................................................................... 31
5.1.7 Internationale context...........................................................................................31
5.1.8 Cultivatie onderzoek (vervolg)..............................................................................31
5.1.9 Cultivation Theory in de 21ste eeuw.......................................................................32
5.2 Social cognition (uitbreiding cultivation effects)..........................................................32
5.2.1 Social cognition..................................................................................................... 33
5.2.2 Cultivatie effecten – psychologische processen....................................................33
5.2.3 Second order model..............................................................................................36
Les 6 – Media priming.......................................................................................37
6.1 (Media) Priming........................................................................................................... 37
6.1.1 Media geweld & priming.......................................................................................37
6.1.2 Politieke media & priming.....................................................................................37
6.1.3 Priming, media & stereotypen...............................................................................38
6.2 Modellen die priming verklaren...................................................................................39
6.2.1 Network models of memory..................................................................................39
6.2.2 Modellen voor violence priming............................................................................40
6.2.3 Modellen voor political priming.............................................................................40
6.3 Alternatieve modellen: mentale modellen...................................................................41
6.4 Conclusie..................................................................................................................... 42
Les 7 – Elaboration Likelihood Model.................................................................43
7.1 Massamedia overtuiging............................................................................................. 43
7.1.1 Media campagnes & attitudes..............................................................................43
7.2 Theorieën rond attitudeverandering............................................................................44
7.2.1 The Communication / Persuasion Matrix Model of Media effects...........................44
7.2.2 Cognitive Response Theory (CRT).........................................................................45
7.3 Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM).............................................................................45
2
, 7.4 Elementen en hun rol in ELM.......................................................................................47
7.5 Link tussen attitude en gedrag....................................................................................49
Les 8 – Social Cognitive Theory.........................................................................51
8.1 Social cognitive theory................................................................................................ 51
8.2 Agency........................................................................................................................ 52
8.3 Mechanismen van observationeel leren......................................................................54
8.3.1 Abstract modeling.................................................................................................54
8.3.2 Vicarious arousal................................................................................................... 55
8.4 Effecten van observationeel leren...............................................................................55
8.4.1 Motivational effects...............................................................................................55
8.4.2 Constructie sociale werkelijkheid & social prompting............................................57
8.4.3 Soorten effecten en methoden.............................................................................57
Les 9 – Uses & Gratifications.............................................................................59
9.1 Uses & gratifications (U&G)......................................................................................... 59
9.1.1 Functionele benadering.........................................................................................60
9.1.2 Benadering & assumpties.....................................................................................61
9.1.3 Typologieën (v/d motieven/ noden van mensen)...................................................61
9.1.4 Kritiek op U&G...................................................................................................... 62
9.2 Hedendaagse studies.................................................................................................. 62
9.2.1 Pornografiegebruik tijdens COVID-19 pandemie...................................................62
9.3 Media uses & effects................................................................................................... 63
Les 10 – Individuele verschillen & third- person effect........................................65
10.1 Individuele verschillen............................................................................................... 65
10.1.1 Individuele verschillen in effectenonderzoek......................................................65
10.1.2 Enjoyment/ emotionele reacties op media..........................................................65
10.1.3 Selectieve blootstelling, interpretatie en herinnering van media........................67
10.1.4 Effecten van media op attitudes en gedrag........................................................68
10.2 Third-person effect.................................................................................................... 68
10.2.1 Denkfout, onderzoek & verklaringen...................................................................68
10.2.2 Conditionele third person-effecten......................................................................69
10.2.3 Gevolgen van TPE voor media-effecten..............................................................70
Les 11 – Media & seksualiteit............................................................................71
11.1 Inleiding.................................................................................................................... 71
11.2 Adolescenten en geseksualiseerde media.................................................................71
11.2.1 Begindagen van media-effecten onderzoek........................................................71
11.3 Adolescenten en pornografie.....................................................................................73
11.3.1 Differential susceptibility to Media Effects Model................................................74
11.3.2 Conclusie............................................................................................................ 75
3
, 11.4 Sexting en cyber relationeel geweld.........................................................................76
11.4.1 Online disinhibitie-effect (Suler, 2004)................................................................76
11.4.2 Sexting................................................................................................................ 77
11.4.3 Wereldwijde prevalentie sexting (hoe vaak komt het voor?)...............................77
11.4.4 Motieven en gevolgen van sexting......................................................................78
Les 12 – Media & body image............................................................................83
12.1 Body image............................................................................................................... 83
12.1.1 Positief lichaamsbeeld........................................................................................83
12.1.2 Invloeden op body image....................................................................................83
12.2 Body image op sociale media....................................................................................84
12.2.1 #Thinspiration.................................................................................................... 84
12.2.2 #Fitspiration....................................................................................................... 84
12.3 Social comparison theory (Festinger)........................................................................85
12.3.1 Upward social comparison..................................................................................85
12.3.2 Downward social comparison..............................................................................86
12.4 Influencers................................................................................................................ 86
12.4.1 Waarom volgen adolescenten fitfluencers?.........................................................86
12.5 #body positivity........................................................................................................ 87
12.5.1 Body image beschermen....................................................................................87
12.6 Wat nu?..................................................................................................................... 88
Les 13 – Gokken en adolescenten......................................................................89
13.1 Introductie: jongeren & gokken.................................................................................89
13.2 Gesimuleerd gokken.................................................................................................. 89
13.2.1 Theory of reasoned action..................................................................................90
13.2.2 Onderzoek naar gokken onder jongeren.............................................................90
13.3 Jongeren en gokreclame............................................................................................ 92
13.3.1 Conclusie............................................................................................................ 94
13.4 Algemene conclusie.................................................................................................. 95
Les 14 – Effecten van digitale games.................................................................95
14.1 Negatieve effecten.................................................................................................... 95
14.1.1 Effect 1: Gamegeweld & agressie.......................................................................95
14.1.2 Effect 2: gameverslaving....................................................................................98
14.1.3 Effect 3: seksuele game-inhoud..........................................................................99
14.1.4 Effect 4: Stereotypes in games.........................................................................101
14.2 Positieve effecten.................................................................................................... 104
14.2.1 Voordelen in 4 domeinen..................................................................................104
14.2.2 Hedonische ervaringen.....................................................................................106
14.2.3 Eudaimonische ervaringen................................................................................108
Les 15 – Media & angst: kinderen en nieuws....................................................114
4
, 15.1 Nieuwsconsumptie van kinderen.............................................................................114
15.1.1 Nieuwsconsumptie van kinderen: voordelen.....................................................114
15.1.2 Nieuwsconsumptie van kinderen: nadelen........................................................114
15.3 Angst bij kinderen (8-12 jaar)..................................................................................114
15.3.1 Ontwikkelingsperspectief..................................................................................114
15.3.2 Wat vinden kinderen eng nieuws?.....................................................................115
15.3.3 Cultivatietheorie............................................................................................... 116
15.4 Nieuws op maat van kinderen.................................................................................116
15.4.1 Kinderjournaals................................................................................................. 116
15.4.2 LC4MP-model.................................................................................................... 116
15.5 Negatieve effecten mediëren..................................................................................117
15.5.1 Parental mediation theory.................................................................................117
15.5.2 Geen duidelijke “beste” strategie.....................................................................118
15.6 Hoe ervaren kinderen ouderlijke mediatie van nieuws?..........................................118
15.6.1 Geruststelllingsstrategieën...............................................................................119
15.6.2 Wat met sociale media? (Opgenhaffen et al.)...................................................120
15.7 Perspectief van het kind.......................................................................................... 121
5
, Les 1 – Inleiding
Media-effecten = the (1) cognitive, attitudinal, social or behavioral
changes that occur in (2) individuals, groups or society due to (3) media
content, exposure or interactions. Media-effects can occur across various
types of media including tv, social media, radio and print, and can be (4)
immediate of long-term, (5) direct or indirect.
Voorbeelden invloed media:
Colombine school shooting: “schuld van media door het brainwashen
van daders”
(bv. games geweld)
Hanse Van Themsche: shooting in Antwerpen “door media, fan van
GTA”
Charlie Kirk: vermoord “dader geradicaliseerd door media”
Media als zondebok/ kern van waarheid…?
Moral panics, verwijzingen naar media = van alle tijden onderzoek nodig
vr antwoorden
1.1 Werking Moral Panics
Eigen ervaring:
Media-effecten inschatten o.b.v. persoonlijke ervaringen
“sociale media geen invloed op hoe ik me voel”
Media kan meer invloed op je hebben dan je zelf denkt denkfout!
Third-person effect: “media hebben geen invloed op mij, wel op
anderen”
Autoriteit:
Blindelings vertrouwen in personen met autoriteit (bv. dokters, proffen)
Halo-effect: mensen die expert zijn op één gebied, worden gezien als
intelligent over de hele lijn
( of bv. “hij ziet er mooi uit, dus is ook vriendelijk, slim, …)
Bv. Politici waarschuwen vaak over media-effecten, zonder expertise
hierover
Wetenschap:
Geen eenduidig antwoord
6
