EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
1. three-component model of creativity - ANSWER The proposition that individual
creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.
2. Motivation - ANSWER The processes that account for an individual's intensity,
direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
3. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. - ANSWER 1. Physiological 2.Safety 3. Social 4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
4. hierarchy of needs - ANSWER Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of five needs—
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as each need is
substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.
5. lower-order needs - ANSWER Needs that are satisfied externally, such as
physiological and safety needs.
,6. self-actualization - ANSWER The drive to become what a person is capable of
becoming.
7. higher-order needs - ANSWER Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social,
esteem, and self-actualization needs.
8. Theory X - ANSWER The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike
responsibility, and must be coerced to perform
9. Theory Y - ANSWER The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek
responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
10. two-factor theory - ANSWER A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction
and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called motivation-hygiene
theory.
11. hygiene factors - ANSWER Factors—such as company policy and administration,
supervision, and salary—that, when adequate in a job, placate workers. When these
factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.
12. McClelland's theory of needs - ANSWER A theory that states achievement, power,
and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.
13. McClelland's 3 needs - ANSWER 1. Need for achievement (nAch) 2. Need for power
(nPow) 3. Need for affiliation (nAff)
14. Need for affiliation (nAff) - ANSWER The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationships.
,15. Need for power (nPow) - ANSWER The need to make others behave in a way in which
they would not have behaved otherwise.
16. Need for achievement (nAch) - ANSWER The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship
to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed.
17. self-determination theory - ANSWER A theory of motivation that is concerned with
the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic
motivation.
18. cognitive evaluation theory - ANSWER A version of self-determination theory which
holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically
rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as
controlling.
19. self-concordance - ANSWER The degree to which peoples' reasons for pursuing goals
are consistent with their interests and core values.
20. job engagement - ANSWER The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and
emotional energies into job performance.
21. goal-setting theory - ANSWER A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with
feedback, lead to higher performance.
22. management by objectives (MBO) - ANSWER A program that encompasses specific
goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.
23. self-efficacy - ANSWER An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a
task.
, 24. reinforcement theory - ANSWER A theory that says that behavior is a function of its
consequences.
25. behaviorism - ANSWER A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a
relatively unthinking manner.
26. social-learning theory - ANSWER The view that we can learn through both
observation and direct experience.
27. equity theory - ANSWER A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs
and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
28. distributive justice - ANSWER Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of
rewards among individuals.
29. organizational justice - ANSWER An overall perception of what is fair in the
workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice.
30. procedural justice - ANSWER The perceived fairness of the process used to determine
the distribution of rewards.
31. interactional justice - ANSWER The perceived degree to which an individual is treated
with dignity, concern, and respect.
32. expectancy theory - ANSWER A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to
act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be
followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the
individual.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
1. three-component model of creativity - ANSWER The proposition that individual
creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.
2. Motivation - ANSWER The processes that account for an individual's intensity,
direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
3. Maslow's hierarchy of needs. - ANSWER 1. Physiological 2.Safety 3. Social 4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization
4. hierarchy of needs - ANSWER Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of five needs—
physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as each need is
substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.
5. lower-order needs - ANSWER Needs that are satisfied externally, such as
physiological and safety needs.
,6. self-actualization - ANSWER The drive to become what a person is capable of
becoming.
7. higher-order needs - ANSWER Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social,
esteem, and self-actualization needs.
8. Theory X - ANSWER The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike
responsibility, and must be coerced to perform
9. Theory Y - ANSWER The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek
responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
10. two-factor theory - ANSWER A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction
and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called motivation-hygiene
theory.
11. hygiene factors - ANSWER Factors—such as company policy and administration,
supervision, and salary—that, when adequate in a job, placate workers. When these
factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.
12. McClelland's theory of needs - ANSWER A theory that states achievement, power,
and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.
13. McClelland's 3 needs - ANSWER 1. Need for achievement (nAch) 2. Need for power
(nPow) 3. Need for affiliation (nAff)
14. Need for affiliation (nAff) - ANSWER The desire for friendly and close interpersonal
relationships.
,15. Need for power (nPow) - ANSWER The need to make others behave in a way in which
they would not have behaved otherwise.
16. Need for achievement (nAch) - ANSWER The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship
to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed.
17. self-determination theory - ANSWER A theory of motivation that is concerned with
the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic
motivation.
18. cognitive evaluation theory - ANSWER A version of self-determination theory which
holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically
rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as
controlling.
19. self-concordance - ANSWER The degree to which peoples' reasons for pursuing goals
are consistent with their interests and core values.
20. job engagement - ANSWER The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and
emotional energies into job performance.
21. goal-setting theory - ANSWER A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with
feedback, lead to higher performance.
22. management by objectives (MBO) - ANSWER A program that encompasses specific
goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.
23. self-efficacy - ANSWER An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a
task.
, 24. reinforcement theory - ANSWER A theory that says that behavior is a function of its
consequences.
25. behaviorism - ANSWER A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a
relatively unthinking manner.
26. social-learning theory - ANSWER The view that we can learn through both
observation and direct experience.
27. equity theory - ANSWER A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs
and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
28. distributive justice - ANSWER Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of
rewards among individuals.
29. organizational justice - ANSWER An overall perception of what is fair in the
workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice.
30. procedural justice - ANSWER The perceived fairness of the process used to determine
the distribution of rewards.
31. interactional justice - ANSWER The perceived degree to which an individual is treated
with dignity, concern, and respect.
32. expectancy theory - ANSWER A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to
act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be
followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the
individual.
