A-LeveL AQA 2026 PsychoLogy PAPer 1 MArk
scheMe with verified Answers
1. Kelman - ANSWER 1958. Proposed three types of conformity.
2. Conformity - ANSWER Yielding to group pressure. Behaviour and/or
beliefs are influenced by a larger group of people.
3. Internalisation - ANSWER Public and private. Validation process. Change
own beliefs.
4. Banuazizi and Movahedi - ANSWER 1975. Argued that the behaviour of
Zimbardo's guards and prisoners was not due to their response to a
'compelling prison environment', but rather to the characteristics in the
experimental situation itself.
5. Behavioural characteristics of depression - ANSWER Shift in activity level,
either reduced or increased. Sleep may be affected. Appetite may be
affected.
6. Cognitive characteristics of depression - ANSWER Negative self-concept,
guilt, sense of worthlessness. Negative view of the world. Negative thought
are irrational.
7. Cognitive approach to explaining depression - ANSWER Ellis' ABC model,
Beck's negative triad
,8. Ellis - ANSWER 1962. The key to mental disorders such as depression lay
in irrational beliefs. ABC model.
9. Beck - ANSWER 1967. Believed that depressed individuals feel as they do
because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations of the
world, and they lack a perceived sense of control. Negative triad.
10.ABC model - ANSWER A cognitive approach to understanding mental
disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotion.
11.Activating event - ANSWER The A in Ellis' ABC model
12.Belief - ANSWER The B in Ellis' ABC model. May be rational or irrational.
13.Emotion - ANSWER The C in Ellis' ABC model. The consequence which
may be healthy or unhealthy based on the previous belief.
14.Negative triad - ANSWER A cognitive approach to understanding
depression, focusing on how negative expectations (schema) about the self,
world and future lead to depression.
15.Group size - ANSWER How large or small a group of participants is.
16.Unanimity - ANSWER Where everyone agrees.
, 17.Task difficulty - ANSWER How easy or hard a part of an experiment is.
18.Variables affecting conformity - ANSWER Group size, Unanimity, Task
difficulty
19.BBC prison study - ANSWER 2006 . Tried to recreate the results of the
Stanford prison experiment. Broadcast on tv. Participants did not confrom
automatically to social roles.
20.Social roles - ANSWER Behaviour expected of an individual who occupies
a given position or status.
21.Milgram - ANSWER 1963. 40 participants (male) assigned as the role of
"teacher". Had to give 'electric shocks' to 'another participant' the "learner"
who in reality was a confederate/actor. The experiment would continue until
the participant refused to continue or 450 volts was reached. If the "teacher"
tried to stop the experimenter would say "the experiment requires that you
continue" etc (x4 5th stop). All of the participants went to at least 300 volts.
65% continued until the full 450 volts.
Evaluation of Milgram - ANSWER Ethical issues
Identification - ANSWER Accept influence to establish a relationship with a
group. To feel part of a group. Internalisation and compliance.
Compliance - ANSWER Public not private. No change in personal opinion. To
fain approval. To fit in with a group
, Informational social influence - ANSWER A type of internalisation. Accepts
information from others as evidence about reality. More confidence in their beliefs.
Normative social influence - ANSWER Go along with the majority without
accepting their point of view whilst believing that they are under surveillance by
the group.
Evaluation of types of conformity - ANSWER Difficulties in distinguishing
between compliance and internalisation.
Research support for normative social influence - Linkenbach and Perkins (2003)
Research support for informational influence - Wittenbrink and Henley (1996)
Normative influence may not be detected - Nolan et al (2008)
Informational influence is moderated by task type
Asch - ANSWER 1956. Tested conformity. Tested 123 male US undergraduates.
Groups of all but one confederate. Asked to identify the two of three lines that
were the same length. The real participant answered second to last. In different
conditions ("critical trials" 12/18 trials) the confederates were instructed to give the
same incorrect answer. On the 12 critical tasks the average conformity rate was
33%. ¼ never conformed in any of the critical trials. ½ conformed in six or more
of the critical trials. ¹∕₂₀ conformed in all 12 critical tasks. In control conditions
(confederates not answering wrong) participants made mistakes about 1% of the
time.
Evaluation of Asch - ANSWER Asch's research may be a child of its time - Perrin
and Spencer (1980)
Problems with determinging the effect of group size - Bond (2005)
Independent behaviour rather than conformity.
scheMe with verified Answers
1. Kelman - ANSWER 1958. Proposed three types of conformity.
2. Conformity - ANSWER Yielding to group pressure. Behaviour and/or
beliefs are influenced by a larger group of people.
3. Internalisation - ANSWER Public and private. Validation process. Change
own beliefs.
4. Banuazizi and Movahedi - ANSWER 1975. Argued that the behaviour of
Zimbardo's guards and prisoners was not due to their response to a
'compelling prison environment', but rather to the characteristics in the
experimental situation itself.
5. Behavioural characteristics of depression - ANSWER Shift in activity level,
either reduced or increased. Sleep may be affected. Appetite may be
affected.
6. Cognitive characteristics of depression - ANSWER Negative self-concept,
guilt, sense of worthlessness. Negative view of the world. Negative thought
are irrational.
7. Cognitive approach to explaining depression - ANSWER Ellis' ABC model,
Beck's negative triad
,8. Ellis - ANSWER 1962. The key to mental disorders such as depression lay
in irrational beliefs. ABC model.
9. Beck - ANSWER 1967. Believed that depressed individuals feel as they do
because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations of the
world, and they lack a perceived sense of control. Negative triad.
10.ABC model - ANSWER A cognitive approach to understanding mental
disorder, focusing on the effect of irrational beliefs on emotion.
11.Activating event - ANSWER The A in Ellis' ABC model
12.Belief - ANSWER The B in Ellis' ABC model. May be rational or irrational.
13.Emotion - ANSWER The C in Ellis' ABC model. The consequence which
may be healthy or unhealthy based on the previous belief.
14.Negative triad - ANSWER A cognitive approach to understanding
depression, focusing on how negative expectations (schema) about the self,
world and future lead to depression.
15.Group size - ANSWER How large or small a group of participants is.
16.Unanimity - ANSWER Where everyone agrees.
, 17.Task difficulty - ANSWER How easy or hard a part of an experiment is.
18.Variables affecting conformity - ANSWER Group size, Unanimity, Task
difficulty
19.BBC prison study - ANSWER 2006 . Tried to recreate the results of the
Stanford prison experiment. Broadcast on tv. Participants did not confrom
automatically to social roles.
20.Social roles - ANSWER Behaviour expected of an individual who occupies
a given position or status.
21.Milgram - ANSWER 1963. 40 participants (male) assigned as the role of
"teacher". Had to give 'electric shocks' to 'another participant' the "learner"
who in reality was a confederate/actor. The experiment would continue until
the participant refused to continue or 450 volts was reached. If the "teacher"
tried to stop the experimenter would say "the experiment requires that you
continue" etc (x4 5th stop). All of the participants went to at least 300 volts.
65% continued until the full 450 volts.
Evaluation of Milgram - ANSWER Ethical issues
Identification - ANSWER Accept influence to establish a relationship with a
group. To feel part of a group. Internalisation and compliance.
Compliance - ANSWER Public not private. No change in personal opinion. To
fain approval. To fit in with a group
, Informational social influence - ANSWER A type of internalisation. Accepts
information from others as evidence about reality. More confidence in their beliefs.
Normative social influence - ANSWER Go along with the majority without
accepting their point of view whilst believing that they are under surveillance by
the group.
Evaluation of types of conformity - ANSWER Difficulties in distinguishing
between compliance and internalisation.
Research support for normative social influence - Linkenbach and Perkins (2003)
Research support for informational influence - Wittenbrink and Henley (1996)
Normative influence may not be detected - Nolan et al (2008)
Informational influence is moderated by task type
Asch - ANSWER 1956. Tested conformity. Tested 123 male US undergraduates.
Groups of all but one confederate. Asked to identify the two of three lines that
were the same length. The real participant answered second to last. In different
conditions ("critical trials" 12/18 trials) the confederates were instructed to give the
same incorrect answer. On the 12 critical tasks the average conformity rate was
33%. ¼ never conformed in any of the critical trials. ½ conformed in six or more
of the critical trials. ¹∕₂₀ conformed in all 12 critical tasks. In control conditions
(confederates not answering wrong) participants made mistakes about 1% of the
time.
Evaluation of Asch - ANSWER Asch's research may be a child of its time - Perrin
and Spencer (1980)
Problems with determinging the effect of group size - Bond (2005)
Independent behaviour rather than conformity.
