COUNSELOR FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Bergan's Behavioral Model of Consultation - Four Stages: Answer: -
Problem identification
- Problem analysis
- Plan implementation
- Problem evaluation
Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more
effectively in individual, group, or community settings. Bergen's model
uses a BEHAVIORAL APPROACH that emphasizes the verbal
interactions during consultation. Bergan's model also focuses on
problem behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences.
◉ Descriptive statistics. Answer: Aims to describe collected data and
includes:
- means
- percentages
- standard deviations
- frequency counts.
,◉ Analysis of variance. Answer: A type of inferential data used to
measure the PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the
POPULATION.
◉ Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model?.
Answer: - Conformity
- Dissonance
- Desistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness.
Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects
of both the dominant and minority cultures.
◉ Four levels of measurement:. Answer: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and
Ratio.
◉ Nonparametric statistical measures. Answer: Often used with
DESCRIPTIVE DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA
(numbers that represent a category or quality). Ex: chi-square
◉ The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when
calculating a Z-SCORE. Answer: The range for standard deviation of a
z-score is -3.0 to 3.0.
,For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the
raw score is below the mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw
score is above the mean, the z-score is positive.
◉ Why might the t-test be used?. Answer: To determine whether the
mean scores of two groups are significantly different from each other
This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in
the second calculation to find whether the mean scores of the two groups
are significantly different from each other.
◉ Coefficient of nondetermination. Answer: The coefficient of
NONdetermination is the unique variance.
To find the coefficient of nondetermination, first find the coefficient of
determination by squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%).
Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of
NONdetermination (100% - 64% = 36%).
◉ Standardized scores. Answer: Standardized scores are helpful when
comparing several different test scores for the same person, as direct
comparisons between different tests are impossible.
, Standardizing scores allows for continuity and an equality of units.
The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores,
both of which are conversions of raw score distributions.
Standardized scores express the person's distance from the MEAN, NOT
the median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score
distribution.
◉ Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic). Answer: - Used when
the researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE
VARIABLE also known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of
variance.
- Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the
distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance
of the test sample represents the variance within the general population.
◉ Nonparametric statistical measures. Answer: - Mann-Whitney U test
- Wilcoxen signed-rank test
- Kruskal-Wallis test
Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the
distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance
of the test sample represents the variance within the general population.
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Bergan's Behavioral Model of Consultation - Four Stages: Answer: -
Problem identification
- Problem analysis
- Plan implementation
- Problem evaluation
Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more
effectively in individual, group, or community settings. Bergen's model
uses a BEHAVIORAL APPROACH that emphasizes the verbal
interactions during consultation. Bergan's model also focuses on
problem behaviors, their antecedents, and their consequences.
◉ Descriptive statistics. Answer: Aims to describe collected data and
includes:
- means
- percentages
- standard deviations
- frequency counts.
,◉ Analysis of variance. Answer: A type of inferential data used to
measure the PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the
POPULATION.
◉ Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model?.
Answer: - Conformity
- Dissonance
- Desistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness.
Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects
of both the dominant and minority cultures.
◉ Four levels of measurement:. Answer: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and
Ratio.
◉ Nonparametric statistical measures. Answer: Often used with
DESCRIPTIVE DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA
(numbers that represent a category or quality). Ex: chi-square
◉ The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when
calculating a Z-SCORE. Answer: The range for standard deviation of a
z-score is -3.0 to 3.0.
,For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the
raw score is below the mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw
score is above the mean, the z-score is positive.
◉ Why might the t-test be used?. Answer: To determine whether the
mean scores of two groups are significantly different from each other
This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in
the second calculation to find whether the mean scores of the two groups
are significantly different from each other.
◉ Coefficient of nondetermination. Answer: The coefficient of
NONdetermination is the unique variance.
To find the coefficient of nondetermination, first find the coefficient of
determination by squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%).
Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of
NONdetermination (100% - 64% = 36%).
◉ Standardized scores. Answer: Standardized scores are helpful when
comparing several different test scores for the same person, as direct
comparisons between different tests are impossible.
, Standardizing scores allows for continuity and an equality of units.
The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores,
both of which are conversions of raw score distributions.
Standardized scores express the person's distance from the MEAN, NOT
the median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score
distribution.
◉ Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic). Answer: - Used when
the researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE
VARIABLE also known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of
variance.
- Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the
distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance
of the test sample represents the variance within the general population.
◉ Nonparametric statistical measures. Answer: - Mann-Whitney U test
- Wilcoxen signed-rank test
- Kruskal-Wallis test
Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the
distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance
of the test sample represents the variance within the general population.
