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BIOL331/ BIOL 331 Module 7 Exam – Pathophysiology
(2026/2027) | Complete Practice Questions & 100% Accurate
Answers | Portage Learning
What role(s) does the liver serve?
It produces bile; metabolizes hormones and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and
clotting factors; stores vitamins and minerals, changes ammonia to urea; and converts
fatty acids to ketones. convert excess carbohydrates to triglycerides.
The _______ produces bile, metabolizes hormones and drugs, synthesizes proteins,
stores glucose, clotting factors, vitamins and minerals, changes ammonia to urea,
converts excess carbs into triglycerides.
Liver
What are the 4 layers of the GI wall?
Mucosal, submucosal, muscularis externa, serosa layer.
The ________ layer of the stomach: Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the
inner surface of the alimentary canal; Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that
break down food; Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion; Maintains a barrier to
prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms.
Mucosal
The ________ layer of the stomach: blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete
digestive enzymes.
Submucosal
The_____ ______ of the stomach : inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle
cells and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers
help move the contents through the GI tract.
Muscularis externa
The ________ layer of the stomach: which is a serous membrane; outermost layer of
organs, called the visceral peritoneum.
Serosal
The _________ is the double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one
of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall. Included in the
__________ are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal
wall. It also holds the organs in place and stores fat.
mesentery
, The ________ is a double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes from the
stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or wall.
omentum
The ________ omentum contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the movements
of the intestines.
greater
_________ movements are intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food
along. They are found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine.
Rhythmic
_______ movements have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular
periods of relaxation. They are located in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the
stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal anal sphincter.
Tonic
The _______ and _______ ________ both make up the ________ nervous
system, located in the wall of the GI tract.
myenteric, submucosal plexuses, enteric
These two _______ are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons
connect afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form
reflex circuits.
plexuses
The _________ (Auerbach) plexus is a linear chain of interconnecting neurons located
between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. It is involved with GI motility.
myenteric
The ____________ plexus lies between the mucosal and muscle layers of the
intestinal wall, and is involved with controlling secretions, absorption, and contraction
of each segment of the intestinal tract.
submucosal (Meissner)
Explain how the stomach churns food:
The stomach churns and mixes food in a peristaltic fashion of 3-5 contractions per
minute, each lasting 2-20 seconds. Contraction of the antrum pushes food toward the
closed pyloric sphincter. Larger particles are returned to the body of the stomach for
further churning. The other contents are emptied into the duodenum between
contractions.
________ waves of the SI are slow contractions of the circular muscle layer, and push
the contents forward and backward.
Segmentation
BIOL331/ BIOL 331 Module 7 Exam – Pathophysiology
(2026/2027) | Complete Practice Questions & 100% Accurate
Answers | Portage Learning
What role(s) does the liver serve?
It produces bile; metabolizes hormones and drugs; synthesizes proteins, glucose, and
clotting factors; stores vitamins and minerals, changes ammonia to urea; and converts
fatty acids to ketones. convert excess carbohydrates to triglycerides.
The _______ produces bile, metabolizes hormones and drugs, synthesizes proteins,
stores glucose, clotting factors, vitamins and minerals, changes ammonia to urea,
converts excess carbs into triglycerides.
Liver
What are the 4 layers of the GI wall?
Mucosal, submucosal, muscularis externa, serosa layer.
The ________ layer of the stomach: Produces mucus that lubricates and protects the
inner surface of the alimentary canal; Secretes digestive enzymes and substances that
break down food; Absorbs the breakdown products of digestion; Maintains a barrier to
prevent the entry of noxious substances and pathogenic organisms.
Mucosal
The ________ layer of the stomach: blood vessels, nerves, and structures to secrete
digestive enzymes.
Submucosal
The_____ ______ of the stomach : inner layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle
cells and an outer layer of longitudinally arranged smooth muscle layers. These layers
help move the contents through the GI tract.
Muscularis externa
The ________ layer of the stomach: which is a serous membrane; outermost layer of
organs, called the visceral peritoneum.
Serosal
The _________ is the double layer of peritoneum that encloses a portion or all of one
of the abdominal viscera and attaches it to the abdominal wall. Included in the
__________ are blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal
wall. It also holds the organs in place and stores fat.
mesentery
, The ________ is a double-layered extension or fold of peritoneum that passes from the
stomach to adjacent organs in the abdominal cavity or wall.
omentum
The ________ omentum contains fat and has a lot of mobility to follow the movements
of the intestines.
greater
_________ movements are intermittent contractions that help to mix and move food
along. They are found in the esophagus, antrum of the stomach, and small intestine.
Rhythmic
_______ movements have a constant level of contraction or tone without regular
periods of relaxation. They are located in the lower esophagus, the upper region of the
stomach, the ileocecal valve, and the internal anal sphincter.
Tonic
The _______ and _______ ________ both make up the ________ nervous
system, located in the wall of the GI tract.
myenteric, submucosal plexuses, enteric
These two _______ are networks of nerve fibers and ganglion cell bodies. Interneurons
connect afferent sensory fibers, efferent motor neurons, and secretory cells to form
reflex circuits.
plexuses
The _________ (Auerbach) plexus is a linear chain of interconnecting neurons located
between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. It is involved with GI motility.
myenteric
The ____________ plexus lies between the mucosal and muscle layers of the
intestinal wall, and is involved with controlling secretions, absorption, and contraction
of each segment of the intestinal tract.
submucosal (Meissner)
Explain how the stomach churns food:
The stomach churns and mixes food in a peristaltic fashion of 3-5 contractions per
minute, each lasting 2-20 seconds. Contraction of the antrum pushes food toward the
closed pyloric sphincter. Larger particles are returned to the body of the stomach for
further churning. The other contents are emptied into the duodenum between
contractions.
________ waves of the SI are slow contractions of the circular muscle layer, and push
the contents forward and backward.
Segmentation
