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BIOL331/ BIOL 331 Module 4 Pathophysiology | Updated
2026/2027 Study Questions with Verified Answers | Portage
Learning | Grade A Review
What is the function of blood?
To transport materials to and from the body's cells
What are the three stages of hemostasis?
Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
What is vitamin K needed to synthesize?
Factors II, VII, IX, prothrombin, and protein C
Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic
pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes,
considered the slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds
and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the sub-endothelial cells. Both
pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both
methods are needed for successful hemostasis.
What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants?
Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban,
Apixaban
What is peripheral vascular resistance?
The collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation
Hemodynamic or blood flow is affected. by what factors?
Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension
What is cardiac output?
The efficiency of the heart's pump is measured by the cardiac output. The cardiac output
(CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. It is the product of the stroke
volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR). CO = SV x HR.
What is preload?
preload is the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and represents
the volume work of the heart.
, What is afterload?
afterload is the pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta.
what is cardiac contractility?
Cardiac contractility is the ability of the heart to change its force of contraction without
changing it resting (diastolic) length
What is an inotrope?
An inotropic influence is one that increases the strength of the muscular contraction
what is mean arterial pressure?
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arterial system during
ventricular contraction and relaxation. It is a good indicator of tissue perfusion. MAP=
CO x PVR
what is thrombocytosis?
thrombocytosis is define as an elevated platelet count above 450,00/µL
What are the most common causes of inherited disorders of hyper-coagulability?
Factor V gene and prothrombin gene
what are acquired or secondary factors of hypercoagulability?
prolonged bed rest and immobility, myocardial infarction, cancer, hyperestrogenic
states, oral contraceptives, smoking, and obesity
what is thrombocytopenia?
the term to describe a reduction in platelet number, of less than 150,00/µL
How can anemias be classified according to size and color?
Normochromic= normal color
hypochromic= decresed color
Red cells can also vary in size;
normocytic= normal size
microcytic= small cells
macrocytic= large cells
what is neutropenia and what are people who have it at risk for?
a decrease in the number of neutrophils to less than 1000 /µL;
they are at risk for infections
what are the five types of lipoproteins? Which one is the goof and bad cholesterol?
Chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein
(IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
HDL is good
BIOL331/ BIOL 331 Module 4 Pathophysiology | Updated
2026/2027 Study Questions with Verified Answers | Portage
Learning | Grade A Review
What is the function of blood?
To transport materials to and from the body's cells
What are the three stages of hemostasis?
Vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation
What is vitamin K needed to synthesize?
Factors II, VII, IX, prothrombin, and protein C
Discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways both form prothrombin activator. The intrinsic
pathway begins with activation of factor XII and can cause clotting in 1 to 6 minutes,
considered the slower process. The extrinsic pathway can cause clotting in 15 seconds
and begins with the release of tissue thromboplastin from the sub-endothelial cells. Both
pathways converge to activate factor X, the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin.
Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, the material needed to stabilize a clot. Both
methods are needed for successful hemostasis.
What are the natural and drug therapy anticoagulants?
Antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, warfarin, heparin, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban,
Apixaban
What is peripheral vascular resistance?
The collective resistance of all the vessels in the peripheral circulation
Hemodynamic or blood flow is affected. by what factors?
Pressure, resistance, flow, radius, blood viscosity, compliance, wall tension
What is cardiac output?
The efficiency of the heart's pump is measured by the cardiac output. The cardiac output
(CO) is the amount of blood the heart pumps each minute. It is the product of the stroke
volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR). CO = SV x HR.
What is preload?
preload is the end-diastolic pressure when the ventricle has been filled and represents
the volume work of the heart.
, What is afterload?
afterload is the pressure the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta.
what is cardiac contractility?
Cardiac contractility is the ability of the heart to change its force of contraction without
changing it resting (diastolic) length
What is an inotrope?
An inotropic influence is one that increases the strength of the muscular contraction
what is mean arterial pressure?
The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arterial system during
ventricular contraction and relaxation. It is a good indicator of tissue perfusion. MAP=
CO x PVR
what is thrombocytosis?
thrombocytosis is define as an elevated platelet count above 450,00/µL
What are the most common causes of inherited disorders of hyper-coagulability?
Factor V gene and prothrombin gene
what are acquired or secondary factors of hypercoagulability?
prolonged bed rest and immobility, myocardial infarction, cancer, hyperestrogenic
states, oral contraceptives, smoking, and obesity
what is thrombocytopenia?
the term to describe a reduction in platelet number, of less than 150,00/µL
How can anemias be classified according to size and color?
Normochromic= normal color
hypochromic= decresed color
Red cells can also vary in size;
normocytic= normal size
microcytic= small cells
macrocytic= large cells
what is neutropenia and what are people who have it at risk for?
a decrease in the number of neutrophils to less than 1000 /µL;
they are at risk for infections
what are the five types of lipoproteins? Which one is the goof and bad cholesterol?
Chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein
(IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL).
HDL is good
