BIO 234 Lecture Exam 1 Review Questions
With Complete Answers
What are the 5 special senses? - ANSWER The five special senses are Olfaction (smelling),
gustation (taste), vision, equilibrium (balance) and hearing.
What are the olfactory organs, where are they located in the body? - ANSWER -provide
our sense of smell, on either side of the nasal septum, and are made up of 2 layers. An
outer olfactory epithelium, and an inner lamina propria.
Describe the olfactory epithelium, what does it contain? - ANSWER - this is the first outer
layer of olfactory organs
-contains- olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal stem cells.
-THIS IS ONE OF THE FEW AREAS IN CNS THAT CAN REGNERATE.
Describe the Lamina Propria and what it contains. - ANSWER -2nd inner layer of
olfactory organs, areolar tissue,
-contains blood vessels, nerves, olfactory glands where secretions can absorb water and
help make mucous.
Describe how we smell? (What does increased smelling and increased airflow do? -
ANSWER - smell a rose, comes up nostrils, circulates and swirls around in nasal cavity
(turbinate bones), lead toward olfactory epithelium and eventually to olfactory organs,
passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. It then makes way through the
,skull, cribriform plate, through the olfactory foramina, runs to the olfactory bulb, down
the olfactory tract to the olfactory complex, hypothalamus,and parts of limbic system.
-increased smelling= stimulation of olfactory epithelium
-increased airflow= smelling only occurs if WATER and or LIPID soluble materials diffuse
into an overlaying mucous which causes you to smell odorants.
What are Olfactory Receptors? - ANSWER -Specialized neurons involved in olfactory
reception - detecting dissolved chemicals interacting with odorant-binding proteins
True or false Olfactory Pathways Arriving information reaches information centers
without always first synapsing in thalamus - ANSWER true!
What is olfactory discrimination and how does it work, what happens to it as we age? -
ANSWER - how we can tell and interpret thousands of smells, the CNS interprets from
the pattern of receptor activity, this declines as we age.
What is gustation and what/where are the receptors? - ANSWER ¨provides information
about the foods and liquids we consume
-¨Taste receptors are distributed on the tongue and portions of the pharynx and larynx
(Clustered into taste buds which are monitored by the cranial nerves that synapse in the
solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, each taste bud lives for 10 days)
Describe gustatory discrimination. - ANSWER -A chemical dissolves on your tongue,
comes into contact w/taste hairs (taste buds), binds to receptors which activates the
gated ion channels, leads to the depolarization of the cell and release of
, neurotransmitters which then generate action potential, which sends info to the brain.
What are the three accessory structures of the eye and what does each one contain? -
ANSWER -1) Palpebrea (eyelids), a continuation of skin above and below eyes, blinking
keeps surface of eye lubricated/free of debris. (contains the palpebral fissure (a gap that
separates the free margins from both the upper and lower eyelids)
-2) Superificial Epithelium of the eye, contains the lacrimal caruncle (tear duct on the
medial side of the eye, a mass of soft tissue that contains glands producing thick
secretions which generates "sand-like" deposits after sleeping at night, palpebral
conjunctiva (Epithelium covering inner surfaces of eyelids) and ocular conjunctiva
(Epithelium covering the outer surface of the eye) as well as the lacrimal apparatus ( tear
gland secretions contain lysozyme - an antibacterial enzyme, right above eye, toward
lateral side)
What are the three layers of the eye? How is the eye divided? - ANSWER -Outer fibrous
tunic
-Middle vascular tissue
-inner neural tissue
- divided into a larger posterior segment, smaller anterior segment
What does the fibrous tunic of the eye include? - ANSWER -sclera (whites of the eyes)
-cornea (- initial structure to "bend" entering light)
-limbus (is the border between the cornea and sclera)
What is the vascular layer of the eye and what does it do, what does it contain? -
With Complete Answers
What are the 5 special senses? - ANSWER The five special senses are Olfaction (smelling),
gustation (taste), vision, equilibrium (balance) and hearing.
What are the olfactory organs, where are they located in the body? - ANSWER -provide
our sense of smell, on either side of the nasal septum, and are made up of 2 layers. An
outer olfactory epithelium, and an inner lamina propria.
Describe the olfactory epithelium, what does it contain? - ANSWER - this is the first outer
layer of olfactory organs
-contains- olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal stem cells.
-THIS IS ONE OF THE FEW AREAS IN CNS THAT CAN REGNERATE.
Describe the Lamina Propria and what it contains. - ANSWER -2nd inner layer of
olfactory organs, areolar tissue,
-contains blood vessels, nerves, olfactory glands where secretions can absorb water and
help make mucous.
Describe how we smell? (What does increased smelling and increased airflow do? -
ANSWER - smell a rose, comes up nostrils, circulates and swirls around in nasal cavity
(turbinate bones), lead toward olfactory epithelium and eventually to olfactory organs,
passes through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. It then makes way through the
,skull, cribriform plate, through the olfactory foramina, runs to the olfactory bulb, down
the olfactory tract to the olfactory complex, hypothalamus,and parts of limbic system.
-increased smelling= stimulation of olfactory epithelium
-increased airflow= smelling only occurs if WATER and or LIPID soluble materials diffuse
into an overlaying mucous which causes you to smell odorants.
What are Olfactory Receptors? - ANSWER -Specialized neurons involved in olfactory
reception - detecting dissolved chemicals interacting with odorant-binding proteins
True or false Olfactory Pathways Arriving information reaches information centers
without always first synapsing in thalamus - ANSWER true!
What is olfactory discrimination and how does it work, what happens to it as we age? -
ANSWER - how we can tell and interpret thousands of smells, the CNS interprets from
the pattern of receptor activity, this declines as we age.
What is gustation and what/where are the receptors? - ANSWER ¨provides information
about the foods and liquids we consume
-¨Taste receptors are distributed on the tongue and portions of the pharynx and larynx
(Clustered into taste buds which are monitored by the cranial nerves that synapse in the
solitary nucleus of the medulla oblongata, each taste bud lives for 10 days)
Describe gustatory discrimination. - ANSWER -A chemical dissolves on your tongue,
comes into contact w/taste hairs (taste buds), binds to receptors which activates the
gated ion channels, leads to the depolarization of the cell and release of
, neurotransmitters which then generate action potential, which sends info to the brain.
What are the three accessory structures of the eye and what does each one contain? -
ANSWER -1) Palpebrea (eyelids), a continuation of skin above and below eyes, blinking
keeps surface of eye lubricated/free of debris. (contains the palpebral fissure (a gap that
separates the free margins from both the upper and lower eyelids)
-2) Superificial Epithelium of the eye, contains the lacrimal caruncle (tear duct on the
medial side of the eye, a mass of soft tissue that contains glands producing thick
secretions which generates "sand-like" deposits after sleeping at night, palpebral
conjunctiva (Epithelium covering inner surfaces of eyelids) and ocular conjunctiva
(Epithelium covering the outer surface of the eye) as well as the lacrimal apparatus ( tear
gland secretions contain lysozyme - an antibacterial enzyme, right above eye, toward
lateral side)
What are the three layers of the eye? How is the eye divided? - ANSWER -Outer fibrous
tunic
-Middle vascular tissue
-inner neural tissue
- divided into a larger posterior segment, smaller anterior segment
What does the fibrous tunic of the eye include? - ANSWER -sclera (whites of the eyes)
-cornea (- initial structure to "bend" entering light)
-limbus (is the border between the cornea and sclera)
What is the vascular layer of the eye and what does it do, what does it contain? -
