TEST BANK PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN 8th Edition, A guide

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY THE BIOLOGIC BASIS FOR DISEASE IN ADULTS AND CHILDREN 8th Edition Kathryn L. McCance, Sue E. Huether   Contents Chapter 01: Cellular Biology 3 Chapter 02: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents 19 Chapter 03: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases 33 Chapter 04: Genes and Genetic Diseases 48 Chapter 05: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases 61 Chapter 06: Epigenetics and Disease 70 Chapter 07: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing 76 Chapter 08: Adaptive Immunity 93 Chapter 09: Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation 107 Chapter 10: Infection 121 Chapter 11: Stress and Disease 132 Chapter 12: Cancer Biology 140 Chapter 13: Cancer Epidemiology 155 Chapter 14: Cancer in Children 161 Chapter 15: Structure and Function of the Neurologic System 167 Chapter 16: Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function 179 Chapter 17: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function 197 Chapter 18: Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction 213 Chapter 19: Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders 226 Chapter 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children 234 Chapter 21: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation 242 Chapter 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation 252 Chapter 23: Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition 266 Chapter 24: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems 272 Chapter 25: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System 283 Chapter 26: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System 294 Chapter 27: Sexually Transmitted Infections 300 Chapter 28: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System 309 Chapter 29: Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function 321 Chapter 30: Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function 333 Chapter 31: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children 342 Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 355 Chapter 33: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function 370 Chapter 34: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children 386 Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System 395 Chapter 36: Alterations of Pulmonary Function 406 Chapter 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children 426 Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems 435 Chapter 39: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function 447 Chapter 40: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children 459 Chapter 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System 468 Chapter 42: Alterations of Digestive Function 482 Chapter 43: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children 494 Chapter 44: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System 504 Chapter 45: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function 518 Chapter 46: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children 533 Chapter 47: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument 543 Chapter 48: Alterations of the Integument in Children 556 Chapter 49: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults 566 Chapter 50: Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children 575 Chapter 01: Cellular Biology MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption? a. Cells can produce proteins. b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes. c. Cells can take in and use nutrients. d. Cells can synthesize fats. ANS: C In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic absorption. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained? a. Mitochondria b. Ribosome c. Nucleolus d. Lysosome ANS: C The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production. Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction? a. Lysosomes b. Peroxisomes c. Ribosomes d. Endosome ANS: B Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes. Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes. Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40 digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury? a. Ribosome b. Golgi complex c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. Lysosomes ANS: D The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes, which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular selfdigestion. The chief function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic substances from the cell. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone? a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction b. Secretion of cortisol c. Increased retention of water d. Breakdown of fat ANS: C Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases in heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to glucagon. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized? a. G1 b. S c. G2 d. M ANS: B The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G1 phase (G = gap), which is the period between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S = synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? a. Lipids b. Proteases c. Proteins d. Carbohydrates ANS: C Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the “glue” holding cell membranes together. Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular protection and lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy for which human diseases? a. Cardiac and vascular disorders b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders ANS: B Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions. Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and endocrine disorders do not involve this process. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering 9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane? a. Carbohydrate chains b. Glycoprotein channels c. Membrane channel proteins d. Lipid bilayer ANS: D The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), to diffuse through it readily. Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering