PCOL 838 FINAL EXAM WITH QUESTIONS
AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+[ REAL EXAM 100%] LATEST EXAM
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---Adrenal glands
are located at superior pole of each kidney
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete? (10/18) -
ANS✔✔---The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA, mineralocorticoids (e.g.,
aldosteron) and glucocorticoids (eg, cortisol).
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in the adrenal
cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---cholesterol
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine).
What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---
1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
2. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
,3. Hyperaldosteronism (Aldosteronism)
4. Hypoaldosteronism
5. Androgen Excess- very rare (do not worry about)
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---capsule
(protective layer)
zona glomerulosa (10%)
zona fasciculata (80%)
zona reticularis (10%)
Which hormones are secreted by each layer of the adrenal cortex? What is the
regulatory control of each of these secretions? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---zona
glomerulosa: aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), renin-angiotensin regulation
zona fasciculata: cortisol (glucocorticoid), ACTH regulation
zona reticularis: DHEAs (androgen), ACTH regulation
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in the adrenal
cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---cholesterol
Enzyme 21 is an important enzyme in the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol
in the adrenal cortex. What happens when patients have a mutation in this
enzyme? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---some patients have a mutation in enzyme 21,
so the intermediate, pregnenolone goes to produce more androgens which
leads to androgen overexpression
Cortisol circulates in a bound state. What does it bind to? (10/18) - ANS✔✔--
-Both cortisol and corticosterone are secreted in an unbound state but circulate
in a bound state to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) (or transcortin) (~80%)
and to albumin (~10%) to a lesser extent
What do aldosterone and DHEA bind to in circulation? How are they different
from cortisol? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---*Aldosterone: bound to albumin (60%) and
,transcortin (10%). *Dehydroepiandrosterone: bound to albumin (50%) and
transcortin (17%)
cortisol binds mostly to transcortin (80%)
What three roles are proposed for steroid-binding proteins? (10/18) -
ANS✔✔---• Distribute and deliver the hormones to target tissues
• Hormone bound to CBG are protected from metabolism and inactivation
• Assist in maintaining a level of hormones in circulation during episodic
secretion by the gland.
Where is the pancreas located? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---The pancreas is a large
gland behind the stomach and next to the small intestine.
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas? Which function is endocrine and
which is exocrine? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---1) It releases powerful digestive
enzymes into the small intestine to aid the digestion of food (Exocrine Function).
2) It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help
the body control how it uses food for energy (Endocrine Function).
What are 4 exocrine pancreatic disorders? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---Exocrine
Pancreatic Disorders
1. Acute Pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Pancreatic Insufficiency
4. Pancreatic cancer
What does the suffix -itis mean? What can cause this? (10/25) - ANS✔✔----
itis = inflammation
can be caused by cell death
, What do acinar cells and ductal cells secrete? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---acinar:
digestive enzymes
ductal: pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of _____________.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of _____________. (10/25) -
ANS✔✔---•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of _________ from _______________.
•CCK causes secretion of _________ from ____________. (10/25) -
ANS✔✔---•Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine pancreatic function?
(10/25) - ANS✔✔---NEURONAL
stimulation of parasympathetic pathways innervating the pancreas causes
release of pancreatic enzymes.
HORMONAL
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What is pancreatic juice composed of? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---electrolytes,
active pancreatic enzymes, zymogens
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---the islets
of Langerhans
AND WELL VERIFIED ANSWERS GRADED
A+[ REAL EXAM 100%] LATEST EXAM
Where are the adrenal glands located? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---Adrenal glands
are located at superior pole of each kidney
What does the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla secrete? (10/18) -
ANS✔✔---The adrenal cortex secretes DHEA, mineralocorticoids (e.g.,
aldosteron) and glucocorticoids (eg, cortisol).
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in the adrenal
cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---cholesterol
The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines (eg, epinephrine, norepinephrine,
dopamine).
What are 5 of the major disorders of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---
1. Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
2. Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)
,3. Hyperaldosteronism (Aldosteronism)
4. Hypoaldosteronism
5. Androgen Excess- very rare (do not worry about)
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---capsule
(protective layer)
zona glomerulosa (10%)
zona fasciculata (80%)
zona reticularis (10%)
Which hormones are secreted by each layer of the adrenal cortex? What is the
regulatory control of each of these secretions? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---zona
glomerulosa: aldosterone (mineralcorticoid), renin-angiotensin regulation
zona fasciculata: cortisol (glucocorticoid), ACTH regulation
zona reticularis: DHEAs (androgen), ACTH regulation
What is the common substrate of the hormones synthesized in the adrenal
cortex? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---cholesterol
Enzyme 21 is an important enzyme in the synthesis of aldosterone and cortisol
in the adrenal cortex. What happens when patients have a mutation in this
enzyme? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---some patients have a mutation in enzyme 21,
so the intermediate, pregnenolone goes to produce more androgens which
leads to androgen overexpression
Cortisol circulates in a bound state. What does it bind to? (10/18) - ANS✔✔--
-Both cortisol and corticosterone are secreted in an unbound state but circulate
in a bound state to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) (or transcortin) (~80%)
and to albumin (~10%) to a lesser extent
What do aldosterone and DHEA bind to in circulation? How are they different
from cortisol? (10/18) - ANS✔✔---*Aldosterone: bound to albumin (60%) and
,transcortin (10%). *Dehydroepiandrosterone: bound to albumin (50%) and
transcortin (17%)
cortisol binds mostly to transcortin (80%)
What three roles are proposed for steroid-binding proteins? (10/18) -
ANS✔✔---• Distribute and deliver the hormones to target tissues
• Hormone bound to CBG are protected from metabolism and inactivation
• Assist in maintaining a level of hormones in circulation during episodic
secretion by the gland.
Where is the pancreas located? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---The pancreas is a large
gland behind the stomach and next to the small intestine.
What are the 2 main functions of the pancreas? Which function is endocrine and
which is exocrine? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---1) It releases powerful digestive
enzymes into the small intestine to aid the digestion of food (Exocrine Function).
2) It releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help
the body control how it uses food for energy (Endocrine Function).
What are 4 exocrine pancreatic disorders? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---Exocrine
Pancreatic Disorders
1. Acute Pancreatitis
2. Chronic pancreatitis
3. Pancreatic Insufficiency
4. Pancreatic cancer
What does the suffix -itis mean? What can cause this? (10/25) - ANS✔✔----
itis = inflammation
can be caused by cell death
, What do acinar cells and ductal cells secrete? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---acinar:
digestive enzymes
ductal: pancreatic juice containing NaHCO3
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of _____________.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of _____________. (10/25) -
ANS✔✔---•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of _________ from _______________.
•CCK causes secretion of _________ from ____________. (10/25) -
ANS✔✔---•Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What are the neural and hormonal controls over exocrine pancreatic function?
(10/25) - ANS✔✔---NEURONAL
stimulation of parasympathetic pathways innervating the pancreas causes
release of pancreatic enzymes.
HORMONAL
•Presence of acid in duodenum causes release of Secretin.
•Presence of Fats in duodenum causes release of Cholecytokinin (CCK).
•Secretin causes release of Bicarbonate from ductal cells.
•CCK causes secretion of pancreatic enzymes from acinar cells.
What is pancreatic juice composed of? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---electrolytes,
active pancreatic enzymes, zymogens
What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas? (10/25) - ANS✔✔---the islets
of Langerhans
