OTH 3416 Exam 1 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2026/2027
pathophysiology - Answers the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result
of an injury, disorder, or disease; often referred to as a study of the mechanisms of disease
pathology - Answers study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease
physiology - Answers the mechanisms of human body functioning
structure - Answers how the human body is put together, including the component parts and
location of those parts
function - Answers how parts of the human body work together
disease - Answers functional impairment of cells, tissues, or organ systems
pathogenesis - Answers the disease beginning; the origination and development at the point of
disease onset
risk factors - Answers vulnerabilities
modifiable risk factors - Answers risk factors that can be changed by the individual (e.g., dietary
intake, smoking)
etiology - Answers precise cause of disease
due to a pathogen multifactorial, or idiopathic - Answers etiologies can be...
pathogen - Answers disease-causing microorganism
multifactorial - Answers having more than one genetic and/or environmental causing events
idiopathic - Answers no known etiology
nosocomial disease - Answers result of exposure to infection in the healthcare environment
iatrogenic disease - Answers inadvertent result of medical treatment
clinical manifestations - Answers presenting signs and symptoms of the disease
signs - Answers observable or measurable expressions; objective
symptoms - Answers indicators that are reported by the ill individual; subjective
precipitating factors - Answers triggers; promote the onset of clinical manifestations
local signs and symptoms - Answers found directly at the site of disease and confined to that
specific area
,systemic signs and symptoms - Answers present throughout the body and not confined to one
area
acute disease - Answers those that begin abruptly and last a few days to a few months
chronic disease - Answers generally last longer than 6 months and are insidious (gradual) in
onset
remissions - Answers symptom-free periods
exacerbations - Answers flaring of symptoms
subacute disease - Answers diseases that fall somewhere between acute and chronic in
duration and severity
asymptomatic - Answers no noticeable symptoms
diagnosis - Answers label for disease
prognosis - Answers forecast or prediction of how the individual will proceed through the
disease process
morbidity - Answers negative outcome with disease complications that impact quality of life
mortality - Answers death
health - Answers perceived wholeness of body, mind, and spirit
illness - Answers state that results in suffering or distress
homeostasis - Answers dynamic balance in the body marked by the appropriate and effective
response to stimuli; keep the body in a steady space
epidemiology - Answers study of disease in populations
incidence - Answers the rate of occurrence of disease at any given time; the probability that a
disease will occur in a certain population
prevalence - Answers the number or percentage of a population that are affected by a particular
disease at a given time
endemic - Answers stable incidence and prevalence
epidemic - Answers dramatic increase in disease incidence
pandemic - Answers epidemic that spreads across continents
primary prevention - Answers prohibits disease from occurring
,secondary prevention - Answers early detection through screening and early treatment
tertiary prevention - Answers rehabilitation of a patient after detection of disease; focuses on
preventing complication or progression of the condition
organs - Answers fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions
tissues - Answers groups of similar cell types that combine to form a specific function
connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve - Answers four major types of tissues
connective tissue - Answers tissue - support
epithelial tissue - Answers tissue - barriers
muscle tissue - Answers tissue - motility
nerve tissue - Answers tissue - conductive communication
cells - Answers the basic unit of tissues; sites where changes in structure and function lead to
symptoms and diseases
plasma membrane - Answers surrounds and protects the cell by separating the cell from the
extracellular environment; phospholipid bilayer structure containing a variety of components
bilayer - Answers the structure of a plasma membrane; literally "two-layers"
phospholipids - Answers the main component of the plasma membrane; consist of two
nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid chains and a polar hydrophilic phosphate head bound to
glycerol; giving it amphipathic character
hydrophilic - Answers having an affinity for water
hydrophobic - Answers lacking an affinity for water
glycolipids - Answers comprised of a carbohydrate bound to a lipid; another major component
embedded in the phospholipid bilayer (although not as significant as phospholipids)
proteins - Answers perform functions related to cellular communication (receptors) and to the
transport of molecules across the membrane (channels)
transmembrane proteins - Answers proteins that pass through the entire plasma membrane;
often have communication and transport functions
integral proteins - Answers binds to the lipid tails of the plasma membrane (through
noncovalent interaction) and becomes a part of the membrane itself (only removable using
detergents and other drastic measures)
, peripheral proteins - Answers do not cross the entire thickness of the membrane and project
into the intracellular or extracellular environment; they do not perform transport functions
organelles - Answers structures in a cell that have a specific function; includes structures such
as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, and
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum - Answers tubules that produce proteins and fats; important for the
regulation of ions in a cell
rough ER - Answers synthesizes proteins via ribosomes and produces lysosomal enzymes
smooth ER - Answers synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones; also regulates
calcium in the cell
golgi apparatus - Answers a membranous structure that helps in the secretion of items
produced by the ER out of the cell
lysosomes - Answers small sacs that have a membrane; main purpose is to digest debris in the
cell using hydrolytic enzymes; also important to metabolize some substances
peroxisomes - Answers similar to lysosomes; neutralize harmful oxygen free radicals
proteasomes - Answers involved in proteolysis or the breakdown of proteins; have the ability to
recognize abnormally formed proteins
mitochondria - Answers the primary producer of ATP; contain the cytochrome enzymes
necessary to produce ATP; site of aerobic respiration
nucleus - Answers contains DNA and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope
DNA - Answers contains hereditary material with genetic instructions that is copied in
reproduction
chromatin - Answers contain genes
genes - Answers determine the production of proteins which in turn determine certain functions
of the cell
cytoskeleton - Answers made up of tubule and filaments; helps with the shape of the cell,
movement, and transport
microtubules - Answers inside the cytoskeleton; thin proteins composed of tubulin
microfilaments - Answers inside the cytoskeleton; can be thin, thick, or intermediate
what are the functions of the cell? - Answers transport, ingestion, secretion, respiration,
communication, and reproduction (TISRCR - train is really cool... really)
pathophysiology - Answers the study of the functional changes that occur in the body as a result
of an injury, disorder, or disease; often referred to as a study of the mechanisms of disease
pathology - Answers study of changes in cells and tissues as a result of injury or disease
physiology - Answers the mechanisms of human body functioning
structure - Answers how the human body is put together, including the component parts and
location of those parts
function - Answers how parts of the human body work together
disease - Answers functional impairment of cells, tissues, or organ systems
pathogenesis - Answers the disease beginning; the origination and development at the point of
disease onset
risk factors - Answers vulnerabilities
modifiable risk factors - Answers risk factors that can be changed by the individual (e.g., dietary
intake, smoking)
etiology - Answers precise cause of disease
due to a pathogen multifactorial, or idiopathic - Answers etiologies can be...
pathogen - Answers disease-causing microorganism
multifactorial - Answers having more than one genetic and/or environmental causing events
idiopathic - Answers no known etiology
nosocomial disease - Answers result of exposure to infection in the healthcare environment
iatrogenic disease - Answers inadvertent result of medical treatment
clinical manifestations - Answers presenting signs and symptoms of the disease
signs - Answers observable or measurable expressions; objective
symptoms - Answers indicators that are reported by the ill individual; subjective
precipitating factors - Answers triggers; promote the onset of clinical manifestations
local signs and symptoms - Answers found directly at the site of disease and confined to that
specific area
,systemic signs and symptoms - Answers present throughout the body and not confined to one
area
acute disease - Answers those that begin abruptly and last a few days to a few months
chronic disease - Answers generally last longer than 6 months and are insidious (gradual) in
onset
remissions - Answers symptom-free periods
exacerbations - Answers flaring of symptoms
subacute disease - Answers diseases that fall somewhere between acute and chronic in
duration and severity
asymptomatic - Answers no noticeable symptoms
diagnosis - Answers label for disease
prognosis - Answers forecast or prediction of how the individual will proceed through the
disease process
morbidity - Answers negative outcome with disease complications that impact quality of life
mortality - Answers death
health - Answers perceived wholeness of body, mind, and spirit
illness - Answers state that results in suffering or distress
homeostasis - Answers dynamic balance in the body marked by the appropriate and effective
response to stimuli; keep the body in a steady space
epidemiology - Answers study of disease in populations
incidence - Answers the rate of occurrence of disease at any given time; the probability that a
disease will occur in a certain population
prevalence - Answers the number or percentage of a population that are affected by a particular
disease at a given time
endemic - Answers stable incidence and prevalence
epidemic - Answers dramatic increase in disease incidence
pandemic - Answers epidemic that spreads across continents
primary prevention - Answers prohibits disease from occurring
,secondary prevention - Answers early detection through screening and early treatment
tertiary prevention - Answers rehabilitation of a patient after detection of disease; focuses on
preventing complication or progression of the condition
organs - Answers fully differentiated body parts with specialized functions
tissues - Answers groups of similar cell types that combine to form a specific function
connective, epithelial, muscle, nerve - Answers four major types of tissues
connective tissue - Answers tissue - support
epithelial tissue - Answers tissue - barriers
muscle tissue - Answers tissue - motility
nerve tissue - Answers tissue - conductive communication
cells - Answers the basic unit of tissues; sites where changes in structure and function lead to
symptoms and diseases
plasma membrane - Answers surrounds and protects the cell by separating the cell from the
extracellular environment; phospholipid bilayer structure containing a variety of components
bilayer - Answers the structure of a plasma membrane; literally "two-layers"
phospholipids - Answers the main component of the plasma membrane; consist of two
nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid chains and a polar hydrophilic phosphate head bound to
glycerol; giving it amphipathic character
hydrophilic - Answers having an affinity for water
hydrophobic - Answers lacking an affinity for water
glycolipids - Answers comprised of a carbohydrate bound to a lipid; another major component
embedded in the phospholipid bilayer (although not as significant as phospholipids)
proteins - Answers perform functions related to cellular communication (receptors) and to the
transport of molecules across the membrane (channels)
transmembrane proteins - Answers proteins that pass through the entire plasma membrane;
often have communication and transport functions
integral proteins - Answers binds to the lipid tails of the plasma membrane (through
noncovalent interaction) and becomes a part of the membrane itself (only removable using
detergents and other drastic measures)
, peripheral proteins - Answers do not cross the entire thickness of the membrane and project
into the intracellular or extracellular environment; they do not perform transport functions
organelles - Answers structures in a cell that have a specific function; includes structures such
as endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, proteasomes, and
mitochondria
endoplasmic reticulum - Answers tubules that produce proteins and fats; important for the
regulation of ions in a cell
rough ER - Answers synthesizes proteins via ribosomes and produces lysosomal enzymes
smooth ER - Answers synthesizes lipids, lipoproteins, and steroid hormones; also regulates
calcium in the cell
golgi apparatus - Answers a membranous structure that helps in the secretion of items
produced by the ER out of the cell
lysosomes - Answers small sacs that have a membrane; main purpose is to digest debris in the
cell using hydrolytic enzymes; also important to metabolize some substances
peroxisomes - Answers similar to lysosomes; neutralize harmful oxygen free radicals
proteasomes - Answers involved in proteolysis or the breakdown of proteins; have the ability to
recognize abnormally formed proteins
mitochondria - Answers the primary producer of ATP; contain the cytochrome enzymes
necessary to produce ATP; site of aerobic respiration
nucleus - Answers contains DNA and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope
DNA - Answers contains hereditary material with genetic instructions that is copied in
reproduction
chromatin - Answers contain genes
genes - Answers determine the production of proteins which in turn determine certain functions
of the cell
cytoskeleton - Answers made up of tubule and filaments; helps with the shape of the cell,
movement, and transport
microtubules - Answers inside the cytoskeleton; thin proteins composed of tubulin
microfilaments - Answers inside the cytoskeleton; can be thin, thick, or intermediate
what are the functions of the cell? - Answers transport, ingestion, secretion, respiration,
communication, and reproduction (TISRCR - train is really cool... really)
