CSAD 126 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Anatomical Structures Involved in Articulation - ANS 1) soft palate: pressure, [stop],
consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, & stops.*
2) nasopharynx: hyper or hyponasal.
3) hard palate: hypernasal, pressure consonants.
4) teeth: /f, z, θ/.
5) lips: bilabials.
6) tongue: /s,z,l/ and interdentalization of /t,d,n,l/.
Nasopharynx - ANS AKA: Adenoids, nasopharyngeal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils.
1) May be hypertrophied, enlarged. When really large, can sound hyponasal.
2) Can compensate for short or partially immobile soft palate by assisting with VP closure.
3) Can block Eustachian tube opening into the nasopharynx, depriving middle ear of ventilation,
which can cause Otitis Media.
Supernumeray - ANS extra teeth
Malocclusion - ANS Classification system.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Our teeth help guide our tongue. Poor malocclusion really has an affect on /f, z, θ/ phonemes;
depending on the severity.
Class I - ANS few teeth misaligned; the dental arches generally aligned.
Class II - ANS Overbite: upper jaw protruded & lower jaw receded. Open bite is also often
classified as an overbite / class II.
Can result from tongue thrust, different genetic syndromes.
Class III - ANS underbite: upper jaw receded & lower jaw protruded.
Upper jaw may actually be recessed, or just appear recessed due to the protrusion of the lower
jaw.
Ankyloglossia - ANS short lingual frenulum, tongue tied.
Disorder of the tongue that really affects articulation.
Often not a problem unless it is very short.
Glossectomy - ANS the partial or total removal of the tongue due to cancer.
VPI - ANS Velarpharyngeal insufficiencies.
Soft Palate - ANS May have VPI. Mobility and enough tissue are very important.
Need good VP closure for *pressure, [stop], consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, &
stops.*
Substitution with pharyngeal fricative.
May also have nasal emission and hypernasality.
May use glottal stops for other sounds.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Dysarthria - ANS Speech disorder associated with PNS or CNS damage.
Motor Speech disorder, not a language disorder.
The muscles of speech are weak, uncoordinated, or paralyzed.
Usually due to, stroke, TBI, degenerative diseases: Parkinson's, Lou Gehrig's, & cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Palsy - ANS Non progressive Neuromotor disorder in children.
Often due to fetal anoxia, lack of oxygen, pre-natal, perinatal, or post-natal.
Developmental of dysarthria.
There may be an injury in the child up to age 16 that causes Anoxia that can result in Cerebral
palsy, and Dysarthria,
If child has post-natal CP with dysarthria, it is called developmental dysarthria.
Apraxia of speech - ANS A motor planning Disorder, that has an affect in speech sound
production.
Normal peripheral neuromuscular mechanism, however there is CNS damage to Broca's area.
In Adults it's usually due to stroke.
In Children it's Childhood Apraxia of Speech / Developmental Apraxia of Speech.
If a child has hearing loss, what type of problems will they exhibit? - ANS 1) omission of initial
and final consonants; /h/ substitutions.
2) many diphthong and vowel substitutions.
3) inappropriate prosody.
4) pitch to increase or decrease.
5) more frequent pauses.
6) epenthesis.
7) hyper nasality.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Anatomical Structures Involved in Articulation - ANS 1) soft palate: pressure, [stop],
consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, & stops.*
2) nasopharynx: hyper or hyponasal.
3) hard palate: hypernasal, pressure consonants.
4) teeth: /f, z, θ/.
5) lips: bilabials.
6) tongue: /s,z,l/ and interdentalization of /t,d,n,l/.
Nasopharynx - ANS AKA: Adenoids, nasopharyngeal tonsils, pharyngeal tonsils.
1) May be hypertrophied, enlarged. When really large, can sound hyponasal.
2) Can compensate for short or partially immobile soft palate by assisting with VP closure.
3) Can block Eustachian tube opening into the nasopharynx, depriving middle ear of ventilation,
which can cause Otitis Media.
Supernumeray - ANS extra teeth
Malocclusion - ANS Classification system.
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,Our teeth help guide our tongue. Poor malocclusion really has an affect on /f, z, θ/ phonemes;
depending on the severity.
Class I - ANS few teeth misaligned; the dental arches generally aligned.
Class II - ANS Overbite: upper jaw protruded & lower jaw receded. Open bite is also often
classified as an overbite / class II.
Can result from tongue thrust, different genetic syndromes.
Class III - ANS underbite: upper jaw receded & lower jaw protruded.
Upper jaw may actually be recessed, or just appear recessed due to the protrusion of the lower
jaw.
Ankyloglossia - ANS short lingual frenulum, tongue tied.
Disorder of the tongue that really affects articulation.
Often not a problem unless it is very short.
Glossectomy - ANS the partial or total removal of the tongue due to cancer.
VPI - ANS Velarpharyngeal insufficiencies.
Soft Palate - ANS May have VPI. Mobility and enough tissue are very important.
Need good VP closure for *pressure, [stop], consonants especially: fricatives, affricates, &
stops.*
Substitution with pharyngeal fricative.
May also have nasal emission and hypernasality.
May use glottal stops for other sounds.
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Dysarthria - ANS Speech disorder associated with PNS or CNS damage.
Motor Speech disorder, not a language disorder.
The muscles of speech are weak, uncoordinated, or paralyzed.
Usually due to, stroke, TBI, degenerative diseases: Parkinson's, Lou Gehrig's, & cerebral palsy.
Cerebral Palsy - ANS Non progressive Neuromotor disorder in children.
Often due to fetal anoxia, lack of oxygen, pre-natal, perinatal, or post-natal.
Developmental of dysarthria.
There may be an injury in the child up to age 16 that causes Anoxia that can result in Cerebral
palsy, and Dysarthria,
If child has post-natal CP with dysarthria, it is called developmental dysarthria.
Apraxia of speech - ANS A motor planning Disorder, that has an affect in speech sound
production.
Normal peripheral neuromuscular mechanism, however there is CNS damage to Broca's area.
In Adults it's usually due to stroke.
In Children it's Childhood Apraxia of Speech / Developmental Apraxia of Speech.
If a child has hearing loss, what type of problems will they exhibit? - ANS 1) omission of initial
and final consonants; /h/ substitutions.
2) many diphthong and vowel substitutions.
3) inappropriate prosody.
4) pitch to increase or decrease.
5) more frequent pauses.
6) epenthesis.
7) hyper nasality.
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
