NURS 370 Final Exam – Questions With Applicable
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Terms in this set (169)
COPD Chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
Usually progressive and associated with
inflammatory response.
- Inflammation and narrowing of airways lead to loss
of pulmonary function.
-Emphysematous changes contribute to impaired gas
exchange.
COPD (symptoms) 3 Primary symptoms: Dyspnea, Chronic Cough,
Sputum Production
- Advanced COPD: Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia,
Emphysema and Bronchitis
Breath Sounds: Diminished, prolonged exhalation,
coarse crackles and wheezes
COPD (diagnostics) History & Physical (Smoking “pack/years”,
progressive symptoms)
Difficulty exhaling: Reduced FEV1 (FEV1/FVC ration
less than 70%)
Reversibility with bronchodilators? (Asthma vs.
COPD) 12%
ABG: Establish baseline.
Chest Xray: baseline and rule out other conditions.
,COPD (nursing interventions) Respiratory acidosis,
- smoking and environmental causes,
- importance of the influenza vaccine, purse lip
breathing, emphysema,
- SABA (albuterol) excessive albuterol and can
increase heartrate avoid caffeine and is first rescue
medication LABA (solumedrol) is long losting.
Asthma Reversible and diffuse airway inflammation & airflow
limitation
- Airways become hyper responsive to triggers and
release mast cells and WBCs.
Asthma (diagnostics) History & Physical (family, environment, occupation)
Spirometry: Obstructive pattern (FEV1/FVC% less
than 70% that is reversible with bronchodilator).
- May be normal between episodes.
Asthma (symptoms) Cough (especially at night), recurrent wheeze, chest
tightness, difficulty breathing.
- Common at night or early in morning
- May occur suddenly or over several hours/days
- Symptoms worsen in response to triggers
Asthma (nursing interventions) MAJOR GOAL is to prevent future attacks, ASTHMA
ACTION PLAN, PEAK FLOW METER
- Rinse mouth after inhaled corticosteroid to prevent
flush
- SPACER makes sure medication reaches all the way
down to the patients lungs.
Pneumonia Caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, or infiltrate.
- Inflammation causes fluid or pus to get trapped in
the alveoli and causes impaired gas exchange.
CAP, HAP (nosocomial), VAP, and HCAP
,Pneumonia (diagnostics) X-ray
Sputum culture
ABG's
Pulse Ox
CBC
Pneumonia (symptoms) Rhonchi/Crackles in the lungs
Wheezing
Productive cough
Dyspnea, tachypnea,
Pleuritic pain! (chest pain), chills, fever,
nausea/vomiting.
Desaturation and mental status changes
Pneumonia Flu and pneumococcal vaccines
(prevention/complications) Post-op ambulation
Increase fluids (get rid of mucus buildup)
Complications: confusion, superinfection,
atelectasis, pleural effusion (fluid leaks into the
pleural space), sepsis, and respiratory failure.
Tuberculosis (TB) Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
(bacteria)
- 85% presents as lung infections
- Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung tissue) and
Granulomas (small area of inflammation) in alveolar
sacs.
Airbourne transmission
Latent TB: can remain dormant for years non-
transmissible.
Active TB: Transmissible
Tuberculosis (TB) (diagnostics) Sputum Culture (GOLD STANDARD)
Mantoux skin test
X-ray
, Tuberculosis (TB) (symptoms) Persistent cough and night sweats*
Decrease of SPO2
Chest pain
Weight loss
Chills and fatigue
Tuberculosis (TB) (Treatment) RIPE meds for 6-12 months (tell pt to take full course
of medications)
Airbourne isolation (negative pressure room)
Small frequent meals
Vitamin B6 with pyridoxine for peripheral
neuropathy
Pulmonary Embolism Usually due to blood clot or thrombus
Most common source= DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
Slow blood flow
Damage to blood vessel wall
Changes in blood coagulation
DVT: Typically, these patients report sudden onset of
pain and/or swelling and warmth of the proximal or
distal extremity, skin discoloration (red or dusky blue
in color), and superficial vein distention.
Pulmonary Embolism (diagnostic) Chest Xray (rule out other things), ECG,
CT Angiogram (Spiral CT), ABG, and D-Dimer.
Pulmonary Embolism (symptoms) Pronounced dyspnea sudden substernal pain, rapid
and weak pulse, hypotension, syncope, and sudden
death can occur.
-sudden chest pain
-life threatening emergency
Pulmonary Embolism (treatment) Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners!!!): Heparin Drip
(High Risk Med) or Thrombolytic therapy
Monitor for complications: bruising, bloody stools,
hematuria, gums, flank pain.
Solutions
Save
Terms in this set (169)
COPD Chronic airflow limitation that is not fully reversible.
Usually progressive and associated with
inflammatory response.
- Inflammation and narrowing of airways lead to loss
of pulmonary function.
-Emphysematous changes contribute to impaired gas
exchange.
COPD (symptoms) 3 Primary symptoms: Dyspnea, Chronic Cough,
Sputum Production
- Advanced COPD: Hypoxemia, Hypercapnia,
Emphysema and Bronchitis
Breath Sounds: Diminished, prolonged exhalation,
coarse crackles and wheezes
COPD (diagnostics) History & Physical (Smoking “pack/years”,
progressive symptoms)
Difficulty exhaling: Reduced FEV1 (FEV1/FVC ration
less than 70%)
Reversibility with bronchodilators? (Asthma vs.
COPD) 12%
ABG: Establish baseline.
Chest Xray: baseline and rule out other conditions.
,COPD (nursing interventions) Respiratory acidosis,
- smoking and environmental causes,
- importance of the influenza vaccine, purse lip
breathing, emphysema,
- SABA (albuterol) excessive albuterol and can
increase heartrate avoid caffeine and is first rescue
medication LABA (solumedrol) is long losting.
Asthma Reversible and diffuse airway inflammation & airflow
limitation
- Airways become hyper responsive to triggers and
release mast cells and WBCs.
Asthma (diagnostics) History & Physical (family, environment, occupation)
Spirometry: Obstructive pattern (FEV1/FVC% less
than 70% that is reversible with bronchodilator).
- May be normal between episodes.
Asthma (symptoms) Cough (especially at night), recurrent wheeze, chest
tightness, difficulty breathing.
- Common at night or early in morning
- May occur suddenly or over several hours/days
- Symptoms worsen in response to triggers
Asthma (nursing interventions) MAJOR GOAL is to prevent future attacks, ASTHMA
ACTION PLAN, PEAK FLOW METER
- Rinse mouth after inhaled corticosteroid to prevent
flush
- SPACER makes sure medication reaches all the way
down to the patients lungs.
Pneumonia Caused by virus, bacteria, fungi, or infiltrate.
- Inflammation causes fluid or pus to get trapped in
the alveoli and causes impaired gas exchange.
CAP, HAP (nosocomial), VAP, and HCAP
,Pneumonia (diagnostics) X-ray
Sputum culture
ABG's
Pulse Ox
CBC
Pneumonia (symptoms) Rhonchi/Crackles in the lungs
Wheezing
Productive cough
Dyspnea, tachypnea,
Pleuritic pain! (chest pain), chills, fever,
nausea/vomiting.
Desaturation and mental status changes
Pneumonia Flu and pneumococcal vaccines
(prevention/complications) Post-op ambulation
Increase fluids (get rid of mucus buildup)
Complications: confusion, superinfection,
atelectasis, pleural effusion (fluid leaks into the
pleural space), sepsis, and respiratory failure.
Tuberculosis (TB) Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis infection
(bacteria)
- 85% presents as lung infections
- Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lung tissue) and
Granulomas (small area of inflammation) in alveolar
sacs.
Airbourne transmission
Latent TB: can remain dormant for years non-
transmissible.
Active TB: Transmissible
Tuberculosis (TB) (diagnostics) Sputum Culture (GOLD STANDARD)
Mantoux skin test
X-ray
, Tuberculosis (TB) (symptoms) Persistent cough and night sweats*
Decrease of SPO2
Chest pain
Weight loss
Chills and fatigue
Tuberculosis (TB) (Treatment) RIPE meds for 6-12 months (tell pt to take full course
of medications)
Airbourne isolation (negative pressure room)
Small frequent meals
Vitamin B6 with pyridoxine for peripheral
neuropathy
Pulmonary Embolism Usually due to blood clot or thrombus
Most common source= DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)
Slow blood flow
Damage to blood vessel wall
Changes in blood coagulation
DVT: Typically, these patients report sudden onset of
pain and/or swelling and warmth of the proximal or
distal extremity, skin discoloration (red or dusky blue
in color), and superficial vein distention.
Pulmonary Embolism (diagnostic) Chest Xray (rule out other things), ECG,
CT Angiogram (Spiral CT), ABG, and D-Dimer.
Pulmonary Embolism (symptoms) Pronounced dyspnea sudden substernal pain, rapid
and weak pulse, hypotension, syncope, and sudden
death can occur.
-sudden chest pain
-life threatening emergency
Pulmonary Embolism (treatment) Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners!!!): Heparin Drip
(High Risk Med) or Thrombolytic therapy
Monitor for complications: bruising, bloody stools,
hematuria, gums, flank pain.
