MN551 UNIT 1 5 PATHO FINAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ A 31-year-old patient with a diagnosis of end-stage liver failure has
been admitted to the intensive care unit of a hospital. Arterial blood gas
sampling indicates that the man has an acid-base imbalance. Which of
the following situations is most likely to result in an inappropriate pH?
Answer: Renal excretion of HCO3- in the presence of excess base
Transcompartmental exchange of H+ and potassium ions
Low albumin and plasma globulin levels
Conservation or formation of new HCO3- by the kidneys
◉ A 4-year-old boy who has been deaf since birth and has bilateral
cataracts has been brought to the emergency department by his mother
because she noticed blood in the toilet after he last voided. Urinalysis
confirms heavy microscopic hematuria as well as proteinuria. What will
the care team's initial differential diagnosis most likely be? Answer:
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis
,Systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis
Alport syndrome
◉ An 87-year-old male resident of an assisted living facility has been
consistently continent of urine until the last several weeks. Which of the
following actions by the care providers at the facility is the most likely
priority? Answer: Showing the resident the correct technique for
exercises to improve bladder, sphincter, and pelvic floor tone
Teaching the resident about protective pads, collection devices, and
medications that may be effective
Providing patient education focusing on the fact that occasional
incontinence is a normal, age-related change
****8Performing a physical examination and history to determine the
exact cause and character of the incontinence
◉ An 82-year-old resident of a long-term care facility with a recent
history of repeated urinary tract infections and restlessness is suspected
of having urinary retention. Which of the following actions by the care
team is most appropriate? Answer: Urinalysis focusing on the presence
or absence of microorganisms, blood, or white cells in the man's urine
, Renal ultrasound aimed at identifying acute or chronic kidney disease
Ultrasound bladder scanning to determine the residual volume of urine
after voiding
Uroflowmetry to determine to rate of the patient's urine flow
◉ Which of the following patients would be considered to have a
significant risk of developing the prerenal form of acute renal failure?
Answer: An 80-year-old female who has been admitted for treatment of
dehydration, hyponatremia, and malnutrition
A 68-year-old male with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH)
A 20-year-old male who is admitted for treatment of an overdose of a
nephrotoxic drug
A 79-year-old male with diagnoses of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
and congestive heart failure
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ A 31-year-old patient with a diagnosis of end-stage liver failure has
been admitted to the intensive care unit of a hospital. Arterial blood gas
sampling indicates that the man has an acid-base imbalance. Which of
the following situations is most likely to result in an inappropriate pH?
Answer: Renal excretion of HCO3- in the presence of excess base
Transcompartmental exchange of H+ and potassium ions
Low albumin and plasma globulin levels
Conservation or formation of new HCO3- by the kidneys
◉ A 4-year-old boy who has been deaf since birth and has bilateral
cataracts has been brought to the emergency department by his mother
because she noticed blood in the toilet after he last voided. Urinalysis
confirms heavy microscopic hematuria as well as proteinuria. What will
the care team's initial differential diagnosis most likely be? Answer:
Immunoglobulin A nephropathy
Henoch-Schonlein purpura nephritis
,Systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis
Alport syndrome
◉ An 87-year-old male resident of an assisted living facility has been
consistently continent of urine until the last several weeks. Which of the
following actions by the care providers at the facility is the most likely
priority? Answer: Showing the resident the correct technique for
exercises to improve bladder, sphincter, and pelvic floor tone
Teaching the resident about protective pads, collection devices, and
medications that may be effective
Providing patient education focusing on the fact that occasional
incontinence is a normal, age-related change
****8Performing a physical examination and history to determine the
exact cause and character of the incontinence
◉ An 82-year-old resident of a long-term care facility with a recent
history of repeated urinary tract infections and restlessness is suspected
of having urinary retention. Which of the following actions by the care
team is most appropriate? Answer: Urinalysis focusing on the presence
or absence of microorganisms, blood, or white cells in the man's urine
, Renal ultrasound aimed at identifying acute or chronic kidney disease
Ultrasound bladder scanning to determine the residual volume of urine
after voiding
Uroflowmetry to determine to rate of the patient's urine flow
◉ Which of the following patients would be considered to have a
significant risk of developing the prerenal form of acute renal failure?
Answer: An 80-year-old female who has been admitted for treatment of
dehydration, hyponatremia, and malnutrition
A 68-year-old male with a diagnosis of benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH)
A 20-year-old male who is admitted for treatment of an overdose of a
nephrotoxic drug
A 79-year-old male with diagnoses of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
and congestive heart failure
