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HED4814 ASSESSMENT: Portfolio examination 2026 (Answer Guide) – Due 15th Jan 2025
VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN REQUIRED FORMAT AND
WITHIN GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A GUIDE AND FOR
REFERENCE, NEVER PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in your academics.
UNISA, 2025
Contents
Question 1.1: Design of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Activity ...................................................... 4
a) Learners’ Background and Needs ..................................................................................................... 4
b) Steps of the PBL Activity ................................................................................................................... 4
PBL Scenario: “Improving Water Access in Our Community”..................................................... 4
c) Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 6
d) Justification Using Psychological Theories ...................................................................................... 6
e) Cultural Relevance, Inclusivity, and Promotion of Critical Thinking ........................................... 7
Question 1.2: Learner Profile and Analysis of Cultural and Socioeconomic Influence ....................... 7
a) Learner Context .................................................................................................................................. 7
b) Barriers and Opportunities in the Environment ............................................................................. 8
Barriers ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Opportunities....................................................................................................................................... 8
c) Developmental Strengths ................................................................................................................... 8
d) Theoretical Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 9
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ............................................................................................................ 9
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory ....................................................................................................... 9
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ................................................................................................... 9
Question 2.1: Visual Strategy to Enhance Learner Motivation ............................................................ 10
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Description of the Visual Strategy: Community-Centred Motivation Framework ........................ 10
1. Central Focus: The Learner......................................................................................................... 10
2. Community Involvement .............................................................................................................. 11
3. Culturally Responsive Teaching .................................................................................................. 11
4. Systemic Interventions .................................................................................................................. 11
Theoretical Justification ....................................................................................................................... 12
Self-Determination Theory............................................................................................................... 12
Expectancy-Value Theory ................................................................................................................ 12
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs .......................................................................................................... 12
Addressing Barriers and Promoting Engagement ............................................................................. 13
Question 2.2: Developmental Domains and Academic Performance in a Multilingual, Under-
Resourced South African School ............................................................................................................. 13
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 13
a) Definition of Developmental Domains ............................................................................................ 13
Cognitive Development ..................................................................................................................... 13
Emotional Development ................................................................................................................... 14
Social Development ........................................................................................................................... 14
b) Interaction of Domains Through Psychological Theories............................................................. 14
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory ......................................................................................... 14
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory ........................................................................................................ 14
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory ............................................................................... 15
c) Influence of Language Barriers, Resource Limitations, and Social Dynamics ........................... 15
Language Barriers ............................................................................................................................ 15
Resource Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 15
Social Dynamics ................................................................................................................................ 15
d) Realistic Example ............................................................................................................................. 15
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Question 3.1: Application of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson to Learner Behaviour and Academic
Challenges .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Learner’s Situation ............................................................................................................................... 16
Piaget’s Theory...................................................................................................................................... 16
a) Relevant Stage or Concept ........................................................................................................... 17
b) Link to Behaviour and Challenges .............................................................................................. 17
c) Practical Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 17
Vygotsky’s Theory ................................................................................................................................ 17
a) Relevant Concept .......................................................................................................................... 17
b) Link to Behaviour and Challenges .............................................................................................. 17
c) Practical Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 17
Erikson’s Theory................................................................................................................................... 18
a) Relevant Stage ............................................................................................................................... 18
b) Link to Behaviour and Challenges .............................................................................................. 18
c) Practical Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 18
Question 3.2: Reflection on Assumptions, Biases, and Inclusive Practice ........................................... 18
HED4814 ASSESSMENT: Portfolio examination 2026 (Answer Guide) – Due 15th Jan 2025
VERIFIED AND CERTIFIED ANSWERS. WRITTEN IN REQUIRED FORMAT AND
WITHIN GIVEN GUIDELINES. IT IS GOOD TO USE AS A GUIDE AND FOR
REFERENCE, NEVER PLAGARIZE. Thank you and success in your academics.
UNISA, 2025
Contents
Question 1.1: Design of a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Activity ...................................................... 4
a) Learners’ Background and Needs ..................................................................................................... 4
b) Steps of the PBL Activity ................................................................................................................... 4
PBL Scenario: “Improving Water Access in Our Community”..................................................... 4
c) Learning Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 6
d) Justification Using Psychological Theories ...................................................................................... 6
e) Cultural Relevance, Inclusivity, and Promotion of Critical Thinking ........................................... 7
Question 1.2: Learner Profile and Analysis of Cultural and Socioeconomic Influence ....................... 7
a) Learner Context .................................................................................................................................. 7
b) Barriers and Opportunities in the Environment ............................................................................. 8
Barriers ................................................................................................................................................ 8
Opportunities....................................................................................................................................... 8
c) Developmental Strengths ................................................................................................................... 8
d) Theoretical Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 9
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ............................................................................................................ 9
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory ....................................................................................................... 9
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory ................................................................................................... 9
Question 2.1: Visual Strategy to Enhance Learner Motivation ............................................................ 10
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Description of the Visual Strategy: Community-Centred Motivation Framework ........................ 10
1. Central Focus: The Learner......................................................................................................... 10
2. Community Involvement .............................................................................................................. 11
3. Culturally Responsive Teaching .................................................................................................. 11
4. Systemic Interventions .................................................................................................................. 11
Theoretical Justification ....................................................................................................................... 12
Self-Determination Theory............................................................................................................... 12
Expectancy-Value Theory ................................................................................................................ 12
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs .......................................................................................................... 12
Addressing Barriers and Promoting Engagement ............................................................................. 13
Question 2.2: Developmental Domains and Academic Performance in a Multilingual, Under-
Resourced South African School ............................................................................................................. 13
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 13
a) Definition of Developmental Domains ............................................................................................ 13
Cognitive Development ..................................................................................................................... 13
Emotional Development ................................................................................................................... 14
Social Development ........................................................................................................................... 14
b) Interaction of Domains Through Psychological Theories............................................................. 14
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory ......................................................................................... 14
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory ........................................................................................................ 14
Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory ............................................................................... 15
c) Influence of Language Barriers, Resource Limitations, and Social Dynamics ........................... 15
Language Barriers ............................................................................................................................ 15
Resource Limitations ........................................................................................................................ 15
Social Dynamics ................................................................................................................................ 15
d) Realistic Example ............................................................................................................................. 15
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Question 3.1: Application of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson to Learner Behaviour and Academic
Challenges .................................................................................................................................................. 16
Learner’s Situation ............................................................................................................................... 16
Piaget’s Theory...................................................................................................................................... 16
a) Relevant Stage or Concept ........................................................................................................... 17
b) Link to Behaviour and Challenges .............................................................................................. 17
c) Practical Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 17
Vygotsky’s Theory ................................................................................................................................ 17
a) Relevant Concept .......................................................................................................................... 17
b) Link to Behaviour and Challenges .............................................................................................. 17
c) Practical Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 17
Erikson’s Theory................................................................................................................................... 18
a) Relevant Stage ............................................................................................................................... 18
b) Link to Behaviour and Challenges .............................................................................................. 18
c) Practical Strategies ....................................................................................................................... 18
Question 3.2: Reflection on Assumptions, Biases, and Inclusive Practice ........................................... 18
