BIO 230 EXAMS PRACTICE ALL QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔What is significant about the hypocotyl? - ✔✔It is the first thing to emerge from the
seed
✔✔List and explain the 7 significant steps that led to evolution of the ovule (pg. 431) -
✔✔1. megasporangium retains rather than releases the megaspores
2. Megaspores in megasporangium is reduced to one
3. 1/4 megaspores survives
4. single megaspore forms a single megagametophyte
5. embryo develops within the megagametophyte
6. integument surrounds the megasporangium except at the micropyle
7. apex modified to receive microspores (pollen)
✔✔Pollination vs. Fertilization - ✔✔Pollination: transfer from pollen to female
gametophyte
Fertilization: joining of sperm and egg
✔✔Progymnosperms - ✔✔-pro = before
-no seeds
-all extinct now
-some homosporous, some heterosporous
-first bifacial vascular cambium
✔✔Secondary growth - ✔✔-produced by lateral meristem (bifacial vascular cambium)
-initial cells divide, inside becomes xylem, outside becomes phloem
-this is found in the progymnosperms gymnosperms, and some angiosperms
✔✔How are progymnosperms related to gymnosperms? - ✔✔-transitional between
seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
-first bifacial vascular cambium
-eustele development
-heterosporic
-produced wood
✔✔What features do the gymnosperm phyla all share? - ✔✔-ovule exposed at
pollination
-secondary growth
-megagametophyte = 1000s of cells
-microgametophyte = 5-6 cells (2 sperm)
✔✔Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms - ✔✔Gym: naked seeds, pollinated by wind or water
Ang: seeds on fruit, pollinated by pollinators
, ✔✔Cycadophyta - ✔✔-Dioecious (separate plants for each gender)
-Ovules in a cone or on leaves
-Microsporangia always in a strobilus
-haustorial pollen (grows into the ovule and lives parasitically)
-flagellated sperm
-large, compound, palm-like leaves
✔✔Ginkgophyta - ✔✔-Dioecious
-flagellated sperm
-tiny male cones
-paired ovules
-fan-shaped leaves
-flesh-coated seeds
✔✔Coniferophyta - ✔✔-ecologically important
-dioecious or monoecious
-needle-like leaves
-male and female cones
-pollen tube w/o flagellated sperm
✔✔Gnetophyta - ✔✔-3 genera (gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
-angiosperm-like features
-vessel elements
-pollen tube w/o flagellated sperm
✔✔How are the extant gymnosperm groups related to each other and to angiosperms?
- ✔✔-gnetophytes are a lot like angiosperms
-cycads and ginkgos produce flagellated sperm
-conifers and gnetophytes produce pollen tubes
-all have tracheids
✔✔How are gnetophyta like angiosperms? Are these features examples of homoplasy
or homology? - ✔✔-vessels in xylem
-double fertilization
-Homoplasy: these features derived independently from angiosperms
✔✔Diagram and label the components of a pine ovule with a mature gametophyte, a
mature pine microgametophyte, and a mature pine seed - ✔✔-microgametophyte:
mickey-mouse looking pollen
-gametophyte: archegonia containing eggs within the seed
-mature seed: has an embryo
✔✔How do the mechanisms by which sperm reach the eggs in gymnosperm and in
seedless vascular plants differ? - ✔✔-in seedless vascular plants, sperm reached eggs
by swimming through water
ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔What is significant about the hypocotyl? - ✔✔It is the first thing to emerge from the
seed
✔✔List and explain the 7 significant steps that led to evolution of the ovule (pg. 431) -
✔✔1. megasporangium retains rather than releases the megaspores
2. Megaspores in megasporangium is reduced to one
3. 1/4 megaspores survives
4. single megaspore forms a single megagametophyte
5. embryo develops within the megagametophyte
6. integument surrounds the megasporangium except at the micropyle
7. apex modified to receive microspores (pollen)
✔✔Pollination vs. Fertilization - ✔✔Pollination: transfer from pollen to female
gametophyte
Fertilization: joining of sperm and egg
✔✔Progymnosperms - ✔✔-pro = before
-no seeds
-all extinct now
-some homosporous, some heterosporous
-first bifacial vascular cambium
✔✔Secondary growth - ✔✔-produced by lateral meristem (bifacial vascular cambium)
-initial cells divide, inside becomes xylem, outside becomes phloem
-this is found in the progymnosperms gymnosperms, and some angiosperms
✔✔How are progymnosperms related to gymnosperms? - ✔✔-transitional between
seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms
-first bifacial vascular cambium
-eustele development
-heterosporic
-produced wood
✔✔What features do the gymnosperm phyla all share? - ✔✔-ovule exposed at
pollination
-secondary growth
-megagametophyte = 1000s of cells
-microgametophyte = 5-6 cells (2 sperm)
✔✔Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms - ✔✔Gym: naked seeds, pollinated by wind or water
Ang: seeds on fruit, pollinated by pollinators
, ✔✔Cycadophyta - ✔✔-Dioecious (separate plants for each gender)
-Ovules in a cone or on leaves
-Microsporangia always in a strobilus
-haustorial pollen (grows into the ovule and lives parasitically)
-flagellated sperm
-large, compound, palm-like leaves
✔✔Ginkgophyta - ✔✔-Dioecious
-flagellated sperm
-tiny male cones
-paired ovules
-fan-shaped leaves
-flesh-coated seeds
✔✔Coniferophyta - ✔✔-ecologically important
-dioecious or monoecious
-needle-like leaves
-male and female cones
-pollen tube w/o flagellated sperm
✔✔Gnetophyta - ✔✔-3 genera (gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia)
-angiosperm-like features
-vessel elements
-pollen tube w/o flagellated sperm
✔✔How are the extant gymnosperm groups related to each other and to angiosperms?
- ✔✔-gnetophytes are a lot like angiosperms
-cycads and ginkgos produce flagellated sperm
-conifers and gnetophytes produce pollen tubes
-all have tracheids
✔✔How are gnetophyta like angiosperms? Are these features examples of homoplasy
or homology? - ✔✔-vessels in xylem
-double fertilization
-Homoplasy: these features derived independently from angiosperms
✔✔Diagram and label the components of a pine ovule with a mature gametophyte, a
mature pine microgametophyte, and a mature pine seed - ✔✔-microgametophyte:
mickey-mouse looking pollen
-gametophyte: archegonia containing eggs within the seed
-mature seed: has an embryo
✔✔How do the mechanisms by which sperm reach the eggs in gymnosperm and in
seedless vascular plants differ? - ✔✔-in seedless vascular plants, sperm reached eggs
by swimming through water
