BIO 230 LATEST 2026 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
RATED A+
✔✔Why have angiosperms been so successful compared to other plant groups? - ✔✔-
morphological plasticity/diversity
-interactions with insects and animals for pollination, dispersal, defense
✔✔Flower structure - ✔✔Pedicel: stem
Receptacle: where sepals/petals attach
Sepals/calyx: leaves
Petals/corolla: colorful modified leaves
Stamen: male parts
Pistil: female part
✔✔Receptacle - ✔✔The base of a flower where all the sepals, petals, etc. connect
✔✔Sepals - ✔✔leaflike things that sit under the flower
✔✔Petals - ✔✔colorful modified leaves, attract pollinators
✔✔Perianth - ✔✔Calyx (petals) and corolla(sepals) together
✔✔Stamens - ✔✔Filament and anther
Male organs
Produce pollen
✔✔Androecium - ✔✔All stamens together
andro = male
ecium = house
✔✔Pistil/Carpel - ✔✔-ovary: bottom where the seeds are contained
-style: long tube connecting the stigma and ovary
-stigma: sticky base for picking up pollen
✔✔Gynoecium - ✔✔All the pistils/carpels together
gyno = female
ecium = house
✔✔Pedicel - ✔✔Flower stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
✔✔Peduncle - ✔✔Flower stalk of all the flowers in an inflorescence
✔✔Inflorescence - ✔✔A group of clustered flowers
, ✔✔Locule - ✔✔The chamber or opening inside the ovary where the ovules are found
✔✔Placentation - ✔✔The manner of ovule attachment within the ovary
(pic is one of many options for placentation)
✔✔Perfect flower - ✔✔both male and female parts present
✔✔Imperfect flower - ✔✔Either male or female parts, not both
✔✔Monoecious - ✔✔Both male and female organs on the same plant
✔✔Dioecious - ✔✔Different male and female plants
✔✔Synoecious - ✔✔Having male and female organs in the same flower
✔✔Complete flower - ✔✔All 4 whorls present (sepals, petals, stamen, pistils
✔✔Incomplete flower - ✔✔1 or more whorls missing
✔✔superior vs. inferior ovaries - ✔✔Superior: above the other whorls
Inferior: beneath the other whorls
✔✔Trends in floral evolution - what features are primitive and which are modern? -
✔✔Primitive: complete, free and separate parts, superior ovaries, regular symmetry
Modern: incomplete, few parts definite in number, parts fused, inferior ovaries, irregular
symmetry
✔✔Monocots - ✔✔-angiosperms that have an embryo with one cotyledon
-atactostele
-monophyletic
-flower parts in threes
-pollen with one aperture
-no secondary growth
-parallel venation
✔✔Eudicots - ✔✔-angiosperms that have an embryo with two cotyledons
-monophyletic
-eustele
-flower parts in fours or fives
-pollen with 3+ apertures
-netlike venation
-secondary growth
RATED A+
✔✔Why have angiosperms been so successful compared to other plant groups? - ✔✔-
morphological plasticity/diversity
-interactions with insects and animals for pollination, dispersal, defense
✔✔Flower structure - ✔✔Pedicel: stem
Receptacle: where sepals/petals attach
Sepals/calyx: leaves
Petals/corolla: colorful modified leaves
Stamen: male parts
Pistil: female part
✔✔Receptacle - ✔✔The base of a flower where all the sepals, petals, etc. connect
✔✔Sepals - ✔✔leaflike things that sit under the flower
✔✔Petals - ✔✔colorful modified leaves, attract pollinators
✔✔Perianth - ✔✔Calyx (petals) and corolla(sepals) together
✔✔Stamens - ✔✔Filament and anther
Male organs
Produce pollen
✔✔Androecium - ✔✔All stamens together
andro = male
ecium = house
✔✔Pistil/Carpel - ✔✔-ovary: bottom where the seeds are contained
-style: long tube connecting the stigma and ovary
-stigma: sticky base for picking up pollen
✔✔Gynoecium - ✔✔All the pistils/carpels together
gyno = female
ecium = house
✔✔Pedicel - ✔✔Flower stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
✔✔Peduncle - ✔✔Flower stalk of all the flowers in an inflorescence
✔✔Inflorescence - ✔✔A group of clustered flowers
, ✔✔Locule - ✔✔The chamber or opening inside the ovary where the ovules are found
✔✔Placentation - ✔✔The manner of ovule attachment within the ovary
(pic is one of many options for placentation)
✔✔Perfect flower - ✔✔both male and female parts present
✔✔Imperfect flower - ✔✔Either male or female parts, not both
✔✔Monoecious - ✔✔Both male and female organs on the same plant
✔✔Dioecious - ✔✔Different male and female plants
✔✔Synoecious - ✔✔Having male and female organs in the same flower
✔✔Complete flower - ✔✔All 4 whorls present (sepals, petals, stamen, pistils
✔✔Incomplete flower - ✔✔1 or more whorls missing
✔✔superior vs. inferior ovaries - ✔✔Superior: above the other whorls
Inferior: beneath the other whorls
✔✔Trends in floral evolution - what features are primitive and which are modern? -
✔✔Primitive: complete, free and separate parts, superior ovaries, regular symmetry
Modern: incomplete, few parts definite in number, parts fused, inferior ovaries, irregular
symmetry
✔✔Monocots - ✔✔-angiosperms that have an embryo with one cotyledon
-atactostele
-monophyletic
-flower parts in threes
-pollen with one aperture
-no secondary growth
-parallel venation
✔✔Eudicots - ✔✔-angiosperms that have an embryo with two cotyledons
-monophyletic
-eustele
-flower parts in fours or fives
-pollen with 3+ apertures
-netlike venation
-secondary growth
