WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236 UPDATED TESTED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Hyponatremia manifestations - ✔✔poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache,
decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal cramping,
neurologic changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures
✔✔Hypernatremia causes - ✔✔excess water loss, excess sodium administration,
diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
✔✔Hypernatremia manifestations - ✔✔thirst; elevated temperature; dry, swollen tongue;
sticky mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; weakness
✔✔Potassium levels - ✔✔3.5-5
✔✔Potassium is essential for what? - ✔✔transmission and conduction of nerve
impulses, normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction (heart)
✔✔Hypokalemia causes - ✔✔B.A.D. L.O.A.D.
B-arters/Conns syndrome(hyperaldosteronism)
A-lkalosis
D-iuretics
L-axative abuse
O-ther causes: insulin overdose
A-cute glucose load
D-iarrhea
✔✔Hypokalemia manifestations - ✔✔fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dysrhythmias,
muscle weakness, cramps, paresthesias, glucose, intolerance, decreased muscle
strength, deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), decreased cardiac output
✔✔Hyperkalemia causes - ✔✔MACHINE
Medications- ace inhibitors and NSAIDS
Acidosis- metabolic and respiratory
Cellular destruction- burns, traumatic injury
Hypoaldosteronism/hemolysis
Intake- excessive
Nephrons, renal failure
Excretion
✔✔Hyperkalemia manifestations - ✔✔Muscle weakness, paresthesia, paralysis, cardiac
rhythm irregularities (leading to possible ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest)
,✔✔How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - ✔✔A major function of potassium is
to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too
much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack
✔✔Calcium levels - ✔✔8.5-10.5
✔✔Calcium is essential for what? - ✔✔muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse
transmission, strength of teeth and bones
✔✔Calcium is excreted by the - ✔✔kidneys (urine)
✔✔Hypocalcemia causes - ✔✔hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, pancreatitis,
alkalosis, massive transfusion of citrated blood, renal failure, medications, vitamin D
defeciency
✔✔Hypocalcemia manifestations - ✔✔Positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign
Laryngeal stridor
Dysphagia
Tingling around the mouth or in the extremities
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Muscle twitching
Tetany
✔✔Hypercalcemia causes - ✔✔malignancy and hyperparathyroidism, bone loss related
to immobility, bone cancer
✔✔Hypercalcemia manifestations - ✔✔muscle weakness, incoordination, anorexia,
constipation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal and bone pain, polyuria, thirst, ECG
changes, dysrhythmias
✔✔Magnesium levels - ✔✔1.5-2.5
✔✔Hypomagnesemia causes - ✔✔common in alcoholics, malnutrition, malabsorption,
diuretics
✔✔Hypomagnesemia manifestations - ✔✔Confusion
Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
Muscle cramps
Tremors
Seizures
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Corresponding hypocalcemia and hypokalemia
,Insomnia
✔✔Hypermagnesemia causes - ✔✔Renal failure, Adrenal insufficiency, Excess
replacement
✔✔Hypermagnesemia manifestations - ✔✔hypoactive reflexes, drowsiness, muscle
weakness, depressed respirations, ECG changes, dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease - ✔✔Autosomal recessive inherited disorder, results from
mutation on chromosome 15
✔✔True or false: Tay-Sachs Disease is a lysosomal storage disease - ✔✔True
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease infants appear normal until approx 6 months, usually death by
____ - ✔✔3 years
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease affects CNS, accumulation of ganglioside causes progressive
destruction of _____ - ✔✔neurons and brain cells
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease symptoms - ✔✔- normal at birth
- begin to manifest progressive weakness, *muscle flaccidity*, and decrease
attentiveness at 6-10 months of age
- rapid motor and mental deterioration
- seizures, visual impairment, blindness
- "cherry red spot" seen on retina a few months after birth
✔✔Marfan syndrome - ✔✔Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, meaning only one
abnormal copy of the gene inherited from one parent is sufficient to have the condition
✔✔Marfan syndrome cause - ✔✔Defects or deletions (pathogenic variants) of the
fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene
✔✔True or false: Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that affects fibrillin
formation - ✔✔True
✔✔True or false: in Marfan syndrome, the aorta and heart valve structures are
commonly affected (heart murmur and pectus exavatum) - ✔✔True
✔✔Marfan syndrome manifestations - ✔✔Leads to excessive growth in height;
excessively long, thin fingers and toes with excessive joint flexibility; subluxation of the
lens of the eye; and various chest wall abnormalities, usually pectus excavatum
Sudden dyspnea with pneumothorax
Defective elastic fibers in the aorta - leads to dissecting aneurism of the aorta and heart
valve disorders
, ✔✔Turner syndrome - ✔✔A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X
chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
✔✔Testing requires for turner syndrome - ✔✔Genetic testing, hormone level evaluation,
echo, bone density scan, bone age testing
✔✔Turner syndrome treatment - ✔✔growth hormone and estrogen therapy
✔✔Turner syndrome manifestations - ✔✔- underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
- short stature (4'7")
- amenorrhea
- infertility
- webbing of the neck
- edema
- underdeveloped breasts and wide nipples
- high number of aborted fetuses
✔✔Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate
allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? - ✔✔The increased exhalation of
CO2 helps to increase pH
The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled. Since CO2 reacts with
water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of more CO2 through increased respiration will
raise pH
✔✔An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low CO2 levels. The
patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the name of this condition? -
✔✔Metabolic acidosis
Since the pH is low, and the pH and CO2 are trending in the same direction, the
condition is metabolic acidosis. The low CO2 indicates that CO2 is not causing the
acidosis. The increased respiratory rate lowers blood CO2 in an attempt to compensate
for the metabolic acidosis
✔✔Your patient has pulmonary edema, which raises levels of CO2 in the blood. What
helps the patient's body to compensate for this increase? - ✔✔The kidneys excrete
more H+ and conserve HCO3-
The increased CO2 level will generate more carbonic acid. The body must compensate
for the decreased pH. Excreting more H+ and conserving HCO3- will both help to
increase pH.
✔✔Arthritis - ✔✔inflammation of a joint
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Hyponatremia manifestations - ✔✔poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache,
decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure, nausea, abdominal cramping,
neurologic changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures
✔✔Hypernatremia causes - ✔✔excess water loss, excess sodium administration,
diabetes insipidus, heat stroke, hypertonic IV solutions
✔✔Hypernatremia manifestations - ✔✔thirst; elevated temperature; dry, swollen tongue;
sticky mucosa; neurologic symptoms; restlessness; weakness
✔✔Potassium levels - ✔✔3.5-5
✔✔Potassium is essential for what? - ✔✔transmission and conduction of nerve
impulses, normal cardiac rhythms, and skeletal and smooth muscle contraction (heart)
✔✔Hypokalemia causes - ✔✔B.A.D. L.O.A.D.
B-arters/Conns syndrome(hyperaldosteronism)
A-lkalosis
D-iuretics
L-axative abuse
O-ther causes: insulin overdose
A-cute glucose load
D-iarrhea
✔✔Hypokalemia manifestations - ✔✔fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, dysrhythmias,
muscle weakness, cramps, paresthesias, glucose, intolerance, decreased muscle
strength, deep tendon reflexes (DTRs), decreased cardiac output
✔✔Hyperkalemia causes - ✔✔MACHINE
Medications- ace inhibitors and NSAIDS
Acidosis- metabolic and respiratory
Cellular destruction- burns, traumatic injury
Hypoaldosteronism/hemolysis
Intake- excessive
Nephrons, renal failure
Excretion
✔✔Hyperkalemia manifestations - ✔✔Muscle weakness, paresthesia, paralysis, cardiac
rhythm irregularities (leading to possible ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest)
,✔✔How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest? - ✔✔A major function of potassium is
to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weakness occurs and too
much can cause muscle spasms.
This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a
heart attack
✔✔Calcium levels - ✔✔8.5-10.5
✔✔Calcium is essential for what? - ✔✔muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulse
transmission, strength of teeth and bones
✔✔Calcium is excreted by the - ✔✔kidneys (urine)
✔✔Hypocalcemia causes - ✔✔hypoparathyroidism, malabsorption, pancreatitis,
alkalosis, massive transfusion of citrated blood, renal failure, medications, vitamin D
defeciency
✔✔Hypocalcemia manifestations - ✔✔Positive Trousseau's or Chvostek's sign
Laryngeal stridor
Dysphagia
Tingling around the mouth or in the extremities
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Muscle twitching
Tetany
✔✔Hypercalcemia causes - ✔✔malignancy and hyperparathyroidism, bone loss related
to immobility, bone cancer
✔✔Hypercalcemia manifestations - ✔✔muscle weakness, incoordination, anorexia,
constipation, nausea and vomiting, abdominal and bone pain, polyuria, thirst, ECG
changes, dysrhythmias
✔✔Magnesium levels - ✔✔1.5-2.5
✔✔Hypomagnesemia causes - ✔✔common in alcoholics, malnutrition, malabsorption,
diuretics
✔✔Hypomagnesemia manifestations - ✔✔Confusion
Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
Muscle cramps
Tremors
Seizures
Cardiac dysrhythmias
Corresponding hypocalcemia and hypokalemia
,Insomnia
✔✔Hypermagnesemia causes - ✔✔Renal failure, Adrenal insufficiency, Excess
replacement
✔✔Hypermagnesemia manifestations - ✔✔hypoactive reflexes, drowsiness, muscle
weakness, depressed respirations, ECG changes, dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease - ✔✔Autosomal recessive inherited disorder, results from
mutation on chromosome 15
✔✔True or false: Tay-Sachs Disease is a lysosomal storage disease - ✔✔True
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease infants appear normal until approx 6 months, usually death by
____ - ✔✔3 years
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease affects CNS, accumulation of ganglioside causes progressive
destruction of _____ - ✔✔neurons and brain cells
✔✔Tay-Sachs Disease symptoms - ✔✔- normal at birth
- begin to manifest progressive weakness, *muscle flaccidity*, and decrease
attentiveness at 6-10 months of age
- rapid motor and mental deterioration
- seizures, visual impairment, blindness
- "cherry red spot" seen on retina a few months after birth
✔✔Marfan syndrome - ✔✔Inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, meaning only one
abnormal copy of the gene inherited from one parent is sufficient to have the condition
✔✔Marfan syndrome cause - ✔✔Defects or deletions (pathogenic variants) of the
fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene
✔✔True or false: Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue disorder that affects fibrillin
formation - ✔✔True
✔✔True or false: in Marfan syndrome, the aorta and heart valve structures are
commonly affected (heart murmur and pectus exavatum) - ✔✔True
✔✔Marfan syndrome manifestations - ✔✔Leads to excessive growth in height;
excessively long, thin fingers and toes with excessive joint flexibility; subluxation of the
lens of the eye; and various chest wall abnormalities, usually pectus excavatum
Sudden dyspnea with pneumothorax
Defective elastic fibers in the aorta - leads to dissecting aneurism of the aorta and heart
valve disorders
, ✔✔Turner syndrome - ✔✔A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X
chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
✔✔Testing requires for turner syndrome - ✔✔Genetic testing, hormone level evaluation,
echo, bone density scan, bone age testing
✔✔Turner syndrome treatment - ✔✔growth hormone and estrogen therapy
✔✔Turner syndrome manifestations - ✔✔- underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
- short stature (4'7")
- amenorrhea
- infertility
- webbing of the neck
- edema
- underdeveloped breasts and wide nipples
- high number of aborted fetuses
✔✔Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate
allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? - ✔✔The increased exhalation of
CO2 helps to increase pH
The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled. Since CO2 reacts with
water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of more CO2 through increased respiration will
raise pH
✔✔An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low CO2 levels. The
patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the name of this condition? -
✔✔Metabolic acidosis
Since the pH is low, and the pH and CO2 are trending in the same direction, the
condition is metabolic acidosis. The low CO2 indicates that CO2 is not causing the
acidosis. The increased respiratory rate lowers blood CO2 in an attempt to compensate
for the metabolic acidosis
✔✔Your patient has pulmonary edema, which raises levels of CO2 in the blood. What
helps the patient's body to compensate for this increase? - ✔✔The kidneys excrete
more H+ and conserve HCO3-
The increased CO2 level will generate more carbonic acid. The body must compensate
for the decreased pH. Excreting more H+ and conserving HCO3- will both help to
increase pH.
✔✔Arthritis - ✔✔inflammation of a joint
