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Microeconomics 6th Edition Solution Manual – David Besanko & Ronald Braeutigam

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The Microeconomics 6th Edition Solution Manual provides detailed, step-by-step solutions to all problem sets and exercises in the textbook. It thoroughly covers fundamental microeconomic concepts including market structures, supply and demand analysis, consumer behavior, elasticity, production and cost theory, pricing strategies, and competitive markets. Each solution is designed to enhance conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills, making it an essential resource for undergraduate economics courses and business programs. This solution manual is ideal for exam preparation, homework verification, and self-directed study, supporting students in understanding both theoretical and applied aspects of microeconomics.

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Uploaded on
January 7, 2026
Number of pages
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Written in
2025/2026
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Besanko & Braeutigam – Microeconomics, 5th edition Solutions Manual

,Besanko & Braeutigam – Microeconomics, 5th edition Solutions Manual
Chapter 1
Analyzing Economic Problems

Solutions to Review Questions
1. Whatiiisiitheiidifferenceiibetweeniimicroeconomicsiiandiimacroeconomics?

Microeconomicsiistudiesiitheiieconomiciibehavioriiofiiindividualiieconomiciidecisioniimakers,iisuchiiasi i aiiconsum
er,iiaiiworker,iiaiifirm,iioriiaiimanager.iiiiMacroeconomicsiistudiesiihowiianiientireiinationali i economyiiperforms,iiexa
miningiisuchiitopicsiiasiitheiiaggregateiilevelsiiofiiincomeiiandiiemployment,i i theiilevelsiiofiiinterestiiratesiiandiiprice
s,iitheiirateiofiiinflation,iiandiitheiinatureiiofiibusinessiicycles.

2. Whyiiisiieconomicsiiofteniidescribediiasiitheiiscienceiiofiiconstrainediichoice?

Whileiiouriiwantsiiforiigoodsiiandiiservicesiiareiiunlimited,iitheiiresourcesiinecessaryitoiiproduceiithosei i goodsiiand
iiservices,iisuchiiasiilabor,iimanagerialiitalent,iicapital,iiandiirawiimaterials,iiare ii“scarce”i i becauseiitheiriisupplyiiisiili

mited.iiiiThisiiscarcityiiimpliesiithatiiweiiareiiconstrainediiiniitheiichoicesiiwei i caniimakeiiaboutiiwhichiigoodsiiandiiser
vicesiitoiiproduce.iiiiThus,iieconomicsiiisiiofteniidescribediiasiithei i scienceiiofiiconstrainediichoice.

3. Howiidoesiitheiitooliiofiiconstrainediioptimizationiihelpiidecisioniimakersiimakeiichoices?i i Wha
tiirolesiidoiitheiiobjectiveiifunctioniiandiiconstraintsiiplayiiiniiaiimodeliiofiiconstrainedi i optimization?

Constrainediioptimizationiiallowsiitheiidecisioniimakeriitoiiselectiitheiibestii(optimal)iialternativeiiwhilei i accountingi
iforiianyipossibleiilimitationsiioriirestrictions iioniithe iichoices.iiii Theiiobjectiveiifunctioni i represents iitheiirelationshipii

toiibeiimaximizediioriiminimized.iiiiForiiexample,iiaiifirm’siiprofitii mightiibei i theiiobjectiveiifunctioniiandiialliichoicesiiw
illiibeiievaluatediiiniitheiiprofitii functioniitoiidetermineiiwhichi i yieldsiitheiihighestiiprofit.iiiiTheiiconstraintsiiplaceiilimita
tionsiioniitheiichoiceiitheiidecisioniimakeriicani i selectiiandiidefinesiitheiisetiiofiialternativesiifromiiwhichiitheiibestiiwill
iibeiichosen.



4. Supposeiitheiimarketiiforiiwheatiiisiicompetitive,iiwithiianiiupward-
slopingiisupplyiicurve,i i aiidownward-
slopingiidemandiicurve,iiandiianiiequilibriumiipriceiiofii$4.00iiperiibushel.iiWhyi i wouldiiaiihigheriipriceii(e.
g.,ii$5.00iiperiibushel)iinotiibeiianiiequilibriumiiprice?iiWhyiiwouldiiai i loweriipriceii(e.g.,ii$2.50iiperiibushel)ii
notiibeiianiiequilibriumiiprice?

Ifiitheiipriceiiiniitheiimarketiiwasiiaboveiitheiiequilibriumiiprice,iiconsumersiiwouldiibeiiwillingiitoi i purchaseiifeweriiunit
siithaniisuppliersiiwouldiibeiiwillingiitoiisell,iicreatingiianiiexcessiisupply.iiiiAsi i suppliersiirealizeiitheyiiareiinotiisellingii
theiiunitsiitheyiihaveiimadeiiavailable,iisellersiiwilliibidiidowniithe

,Besanko & Braeutigam – Microeconomics, 5th edition Solutions Manual


priceiitoiienticeiimoreiiconsumersiitoiipurchaseiitheiriigoodsiioriiservices.iiiiBy iidefinition,iiequilibriumiiisi i aiistateiithatii
williiremainiiunchangediiasiilongiiasiiexogenousiifactorsiiremainiiunchanged.iiSinceiiiniithisi i caseiisuppliersiiwilliilo
weriitheiriiprice,iithisiihighiipriceiicannotiibeiianiiequilibrium.

Wheniitheiipriceiiisiibelowiitheiiequilibriumiiprice,iiconsumersiiwilliidemandiimoreiiunitsiithaniisuppliersi i haveiimadeii
available.iiThisiiexcessiidemandiiwilliienticeiiconsumersiitoiibidiiupiitheiipricesiitoiipurchasei i theiilimitediiunitsiiavail
able.iiiiSinceiitheiipriceiiwilliichange,iiitiicannotiibeiianiiequilibrium.

5. Whatiiisiitheiidifferenceiibetweeniianiiexogenousiivariableiiandiianiiendogenousiivariablei i iniiani
ieconomiciimodel?iiWouldiiitiieveriibeiiusefuliitoiiconstructii aiimodeliithatiicontainediionlyi i exogenousiiv

ariablesii(andiinoiiendogenousiivariables)?

Exogenousiivariablesiiareiitakeniiasiigiveniiiniianiieconomiciimodel,iii.e.,iitheyiiareiideterminediibyiisomei i processiio
utsideiitheiimodel,iiwhileiiendogenousiivariablesiiareiideterminediiwithiniitheiieconomici i modeliibeingiistudied.
Aniieconomiciimodeliithatiicontainediinoiiendogenousiivariablesiiwouldiinotiibeiiveryiiinteresting.iiWithi i noiiendoge
nousiivariables,iinothingiiwouldiibeiideterminediibyitheiimodeliisoiiitiiwouldiinotiiserveiimuchi i purpose.

6. Whyiidoiieconomistsiidoiicomparativeiistaticsiianalysis?iiWhatiiroleiidoiiendogenousi i vari
ablesiiandiiexogenousiivariablesiiplayiiiniicomparativeiistaticsiianalysis?

Comparativeiistaticsiianalysesiiareiiperformediitoiidetermineiihowiitheiilevelsiiofiiendogenousiivariablesi i changeiia
siisomeiiexogenousiivariableiiisiichanged.iiiiThisiitypeiiofiianalysisiiisiiveryiiimportantiisinceiiini i theiirealiiworldiitheiiex
ogenousiivariables,iisuchiiasiiweather,iipolicyitools,iietc.iiareiialwaysiichangingi i andiiitii isiiusefuliitoiiknowiihowiichan
gesiiiniitheseiivariablesiiaffectiitheiilevelsiiofiiother,iiendogenous,i i variables.iiiiAniiexampleiiofiicomparativeiistaticsii
analysisiiwouldiibeiiaskingiitheiiquestion:iiIfi i extraordinarilyiilowiirainfallii(aniiexogenousiivariable)iicausesiiaii30iipe
rcentiireductioniiiniicorniisupply,i i byiihowiimuchiiwilliitheiimarketiipriceiiforiicornii(aniiendogenousiivariable)iiincrease
?

7. Whatiiisiitheiidifferenceiibetweeniipositiveiiandiinormativeiianalysis?iiWhichiiofiithei i follo
wingiiquestionsiiwouldiientailiipositiveiianalysis,iiandiiwhichiinormativeiianalysis?
a) WhatiieffectiiwilliiInternetiiauctioniicompaniesiihaveiioniitheiiprofitsiiofiilocaliiautomobilei i dealer
ships?
b) Shouldiitheiigovernmentiiimposeiispecialiitaxesiioniisalesiiofiimerchandiseiimadeiioveriithei i Inte
rnet?

Positiveiianalysisiiattemptsiitoiiexplainiihowiianiieconomiciisystemiiworksiioriitoiipredictiihowiiitiiwilli i changeiioveriiti
meiibyiiaskingiiexplanatoryioriipredictiveiiquestions.iiiiNormativeiianalysisiifocusesiioni i whatiishouldiibeiidoneiibyii
askingiiprescriptiveiiquestions.

, Besanko & Braeutigam – Microeconomics, 5th edition Solutions Manual


a) Becauseiithisiiquestioniiasksiiwhetheriidealershipiiprofitsiiwilliigoiiupiioriidownii(andiibyi i howiimuc
h)ii–iibutiirefrainsiifromiiinquiringiiasiitoiiwhetheriithisiiwouldiibeiiaiigoodithing
–iiitii isiianiiexampleiiofiipositiveiianalysis.
b) Oniitheiiotheriihand,iithisiiquestioniiasksiiwhetheriiitiiisiidesirableiitoiiimposeiitaxesiioni i Interne
tiisales,iisoiiitiiisiinormativeiianalysis.iiiiNotably,iithisiiquestioniidoesiinotiiaski i whatiitheiieffectii
ofiisuchiitaxesiiwouldiibe.




Solutions to Problems

1.1 Discussiitheiifollowingiistatement:ii“Sinceiisupplyiiandiidemandiicurvesiiareiialwaysi i shift
ing,iimarketsiineveriiactuallyiireachiianiiequilibrium.iiTherefore,iitheiiconceptiiofi i equilibriumiiisiiu
seless.”

Whileiitheiiclaimiithatiimarketsiineveriireachiianiiequilibriumiiisiiprobablyiidebatable,iieveniiifiimarketsi i doiinotiieveriir
eachiiequilibrium,iitheiiconceptiiisiistilliiofiicentraliiimportance.iiiiTheiiconceptiiofi i equilibriumiiisiiimportantiibecauseiii
tiiprovidesiiaiisimpleiiwayiitoiipredictiihowiimarketiipricesiiandi i quantitiesiiwilliichangeiiasiiexogenousiivariablesiicha
nge.iiiiThus,iiwhileiiweii mayiineveriireachiiai i particulariiequilibriumiiprice,iisayiibecauseiiaiisupplyiioriidemandiisched
uleiishiftsiiasiitheiimarketiimovesi i towardiiequilibrium,iiweiicaniipredictiiwithiirelativeiiease,iiforiiexample,iiwhetheriip
ricesiiwilliibeiirisingi i oriifallingiiwheniiexogenousiimarketiifactorsiichangeiiasiiweiimoveiitowardiiequilibrium.iiiiAsiii i e
xogenousiivariablesiicontinueiitoiichange,iiweiicaniicontinueiitoiipredictiitheiidirectioniiofiichangeiifori i theiiendogeno
usiivariables,iiandiithisiiisiinotii“useless.”

1.2 Iniianiiarticleiientitled,ii“CorniiPricesiiSurgeiioniiExportiiDemand,iiCropiiData,”ii TheiiWalli i StreetiiJ
ournaliiidentifiediiseveraliiexogenousiishocksiithatiipushediiU.S.iicorniipricesiisharplyi i higher.(See the
article by Aaron Lucchetti, August 22, 1997, p. C17. on national income.)
SupposeiitheiiU.S.i i marketiiforiicorniiisiicompetitive,iiwithiianiiupward-
slopingiisupplyiicurveiiandiiaiidownward-
i i slopingiidemandiicurve.ii Foriieachiiofiitheiifollowingiiscenarios,ii illustrateiigraphicallyiihowiithei i exogen

ousiieventiidescribediiwilliicontributeiitoiiaiihigheriipriceiiofiicorniiiniitheiiU.S.iimarket.
a) TheiiU.S.iiDepartmentiiofiiAgricultureiiannouncesiithatiiexportsiiofiicorniitoiiTaiwaniiand
Japaniiwereii“surprisinglyiibullish,”iiaroundii30iipercentiihigheriithaniihadiibeeniiexpected.
b) SomeiianalystsiiprojectiithatiitheiisizeiiofiitheiiU.S.iicorniicropiiwilliihitiiaiisix-
yeariilowiibecauseiiofi i dryiiweather.
c) TheiistrengtheningiiofiiEliiNiño,iitheiimeteorologicaliitrendiithatiibringsiiwarmeriiweatheriitoi i theiiwes
terniicoastiiofiiSouthiiAmerica,iireducesiicorniiproductioniioutsideiitheiiUnitediiStates,i i therebyiiincrea
singiiforeigniicountries’iidependenceiioniitheiiU.S.iicorniicrop.
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