Pharmacology Exam Package – Comprehensive
Practice Questions, Study Guides & Drug Therapy
Review (Latest 2025/2026)
Design Description:
This cover includes vibrant colors of red and orange, symbolizing energy and urgency in
healthcare. A pharmacist is seen reviewing medical notes with drug therapy references,
surrounded by a dynamic pulse of medical icons and drug therapy symbols. "Comprehensive
Exam Package" stands out in bold, with a tagline emphasizing drug therapy review and clinical
applications.
Pharmacology Exam Package – Comprehensive Practice Questions & Answers (2025/2026)
Instructions: Each question has ONE best answer. The correct answer is marked with a bold tick
(✓).
Section 1: Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics (Questions 1-15)
1. What is the primary process occurring during the 'absorption' phase of pharmacokinetics?
A. Drug movement from circulation to tissues
B. Drug movement from site of administration to circulation ✓
C. Chemical alteration of the drug within the body
D. Removal of the drug from the body
2. A drug with high first-pass metabolism is most effectively administered by which route?
A. Oral
B. Sublingual ✓
C. Rectal
D. Transdermal
3. The therapeutic index (TI) of a drug is a measure of:
A. Its potency
B. Its efficacy
C. Its safety margin ✓
D. Its receptor affinity
4. What does the term 'volume of distribution (Vd)' indicate?
A. The rate of drug elimination
,B. The extent of drug absorption
C. The apparent space in the body available to contain the drug ✓
D. The percentage of drug bound to plasma proteins
5. Zero-order kinetics implies that:
A. A constant percentage of drug is eliminated per unit time.
B. A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time. ✓
C. Elimination is independent of enzyme systems.
D. The process is only applicable to renal excretion.
6. An agonist is a drug that:
A. Binds to a receptor and blocks its activation.
B. Binds to a receptor and activates it. ✓
C. Has no inherent activity but prevents agonist binding.
D. Always has a low affinity for its receptor.
7. The phase I metabolic reaction most commonly involved in drug biotransformation is:
A. Glucuronidation
B. Acetylation
C. Oxidation (via Cytochrome P450) ✓
D. Sulfation
8. The primary organ for drug excretion is:
A. Lungs
B. Liver
C. Kidneys ✓
D. Skin
9. Which parameter best reflects the time required for the drug concentration to decrease by
50% in the plasma?
A. Clearance
B. Area Under the Curve (AUC)
C. Bioavailability
D. Elimination Half-life ✓
10. Competitive antagonism can be overcome by:
A. Increasing the dose of the antagonist.
B. Increasing the dose of the agonist. ✓
C. Changing the route of administration.
D. Administering an allosteric modulator.
,11. Drug A has a pKa of 4.4. In the stomach (pH ~1.4), it will exist predominantly in its:
A. Ionized form.
B. Non-ionized (lipid-soluble) form. ✓
C. Neutral form.
D. Protein-bound form.
12. Enzyme induction typically leads to:
A. Increased drug effect over time.
B. Decreased drug effect over time (tolerance). ✓
C. Increased plasma drug concentrations.
D. Decreased drug metabolism.
13. The loading dose of a drug is primarily determined by its:
A. Clearance
B. Volume of Distribution ✓
C. Half-life
D. Bioavailability
14. Which factor does NOT alter drug absorption from the GI tract?
A. Gastric emptying time
B. Splanchnic blood flow
C. Particle size
D. Glomerular Filtration Rate ✓
15. A drug with low solubility and high permeability is classified under the Biopharmaceutics
Classification System (BCS) as:
A. Class I
B. Class II ✓
C. Class III
D. Class IV
Section 2: Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology (Questions 16-30)
16. Stimulation of Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors leads primarily to:
A. Bronchodilation
B. Vasodilation
C. Vasoconstriction ✓
D. Decreased heart rate
, 17. The mechanism of action of Atropine is:
A. Irreversible inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase.
B. Competitive antagonism at Muscarinic (M1-M5) receptors. ✓
C. Stimulation of Nicotinic receptors.
D. Blockade of Beta-2 receptors.
18. Which drug is a non-selective Beta-adrenergic antagonist?
A. Atenolol
B. Metoprolol
C. Propranolol ✓
D. Betaxolol
19. Phenylephrine, used as a nasal decongestant, acts as a(n):
A. Alpha-1 agonist ✓
B. Alpha-2 agonist
C. Beta-2 agonist
D. Muscarinic antagonist
20. The primary therapeutic use of a Beta-2 adrenergic agonist (e.g., Albuterol) is:
A. Hypertension
B. Tachycardia
C. Asthma (Bronchodilation) ✓
D. Urinary retention
21. Which drug prevents the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings?
A. Prazosin
B. Propranolol
C. Bethanechol
D. Guanethidine ✓
22. Organophosphate poisoning causes excessive cholinergic stimulation. The antidote of
choice is:
A. Norepinephrine
B. Atropine + Pralidoxime ✓
C. Flumazenil
D. Physostigmine
23. A drug that causes mydriasis (pupil dilation) without cycloplegia (loss of accommodation)
is:
A. Atropine
Practice Questions, Study Guides & Drug Therapy
Review (Latest 2025/2026)
Design Description:
This cover includes vibrant colors of red and orange, symbolizing energy and urgency in
healthcare. A pharmacist is seen reviewing medical notes with drug therapy references,
surrounded by a dynamic pulse of medical icons and drug therapy symbols. "Comprehensive
Exam Package" stands out in bold, with a tagline emphasizing drug therapy review and clinical
applications.
Pharmacology Exam Package – Comprehensive Practice Questions & Answers (2025/2026)
Instructions: Each question has ONE best answer. The correct answer is marked with a bold tick
(✓).
Section 1: Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics (Questions 1-15)
1. What is the primary process occurring during the 'absorption' phase of pharmacokinetics?
A. Drug movement from circulation to tissues
B. Drug movement from site of administration to circulation ✓
C. Chemical alteration of the drug within the body
D. Removal of the drug from the body
2. A drug with high first-pass metabolism is most effectively administered by which route?
A. Oral
B. Sublingual ✓
C. Rectal
D. Transdermal
3. The therapeutic index (TI) of a drug is a measure of:
A. Its potency
B. Its efficacy
C. Its safety margin ✓
D. Its receptor affinity
4. What does the term 'volume of distribution (Vd)' indicate?
A. The rate of drug elimination
,B. The extent of drug absorption
C. The apparent space in the body available to contain the drug ✓
D. The percentage of drug bound to plasma proteins
5. Zero-order kinetics implies that:
A. A constant percentage of drug is eliminated per unit time.
B. A constant amount of drug is eliminated per unit time. ✓
C. Elimination is independent of enzyme systems.
D. The process is only applicable to renal excretion.
6. An agonist is a drug that:
A. Binds to a receptor and blocks its activation.
B. Binds to a receptor and activates it. ✓
C. Has no inherent activity but prevents agonist binding.
D. Always has a low affinity for its receptor.
7. The phase I metabolic reaction most commonly involved in drug biotransformation is:
A. Glucuronidation
B. Acetylation
C. Oxidation (via Cytochrome P450) ✓
D. Sulfation
8. The primary organ for drug excretion is:
A. Lungs
B. Liver
C. Kidneys ✓
D. Skin
9. Which parameter best reflects the time required for the drug concentration to decrease by
50% in the plasma?
A. Clearance
B. Area Under the Curve (AUC)
C. Bioavailability
D. Elimination Half-life ✓
10. Competitive antagonism can be overcome by:
A. Increasing the dose of the antagonist.
B. Increasing the dose of the agonist. ✓
C. Changing the route of administration.
D. Administering an allosteric modulator.
,11. Drug A has a pKa of 4.4. In the stomach (pH ~1.4), it will exist predominantly in its:
A. Ionized form.
B. Non-ionized (lipid-soluble) form. ✓
C. Neutral form.
D. Protein-bound form.
12. Enzyme induction typically leads to:
A. Increased drug effect over time.
B. Decreased drug effect over time (tolerance). ✓
C. Increased plasma drug concentrations.
D. Decreased drug metabolism.
13. The loading dose of a drug is primarily determined by its:
A. Clearance
B. Volume of Distribution ✓
C. Half-life
D. Bioavailability
14. Which factor does NOT alter drug absorption from the GI tract?
A. Gastric emptying time
B. Splanchnic blood flow
C. Particle size
D. Glomerular Filtration Rate ✓
15. A drug with low solubility and high permeability is classified under the Biopharmaceutics
Classification System (BCS) as:
A. Class I
B. Class II ✓
C. Class III
D. Class IV
Section 2: Autonomic Nervous System Pharmacology (Questions 16-30)
16. Stimulation of Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors leads primarily to:
A. Bronchodilation
B. Vasodilation
C. Vasoconstriction ✓
D. Decreased heart rate
, 17. The mechanism of action of Atropine is:
A. Irreversible inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase.
B. Competitive antagonism at Muscarinic (M1-M5) receptors. ✓
C. Stimulation of Nicotinic receptors.
D. Blockade of Beta-2 receptors.
18. Which drug is a non-selective Beta-adrenergic antagonist?
A. Atenolol
B. Metoprolol
C. Propranolol ✓
D. Betaxolol
19. Phenylephrine, used as a nasal decongestant, acts as a(n):
A. Alpha-1 agonist ✓
B. Alpha-2 agonist
C. Beta-2 agonist
D. Muscarinic antagonist
20. The primary therapeutic use of a Beta-2 adrenergic agonist (e.g., Albuterol) is:
A. Hypertension
B. Tachycardia
C. Asthma (Bronchodilation) ✓
D. Urinary retention
21. Which drug prevents the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings?
A. Prazosin
B. Propranolol
C. Bethanechol
D. Guanethidine ✓
22. Organophosphate poisoning causes excessive cholinergic stimulation. The antidote of
choice is:
A. Norepinephrine
B. Atropine + Pralidoxime ✓
C. Flumazenil
D. Physostigmine
23. A drug that causes mydriasis (pupil dilation) without cycloplegia (loss of accommodation)
is:
A. Atropine
