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· Drs were solo practitioners
· Hospitals were single, independent entities, mostly
non-profit
Opening of 20th Century · Long-term care for the elderly was largely home-based
· Pharmaceuticals & medical device manufacturing was a
small business
· Healthcare was a minor part of economy
Founding of American Medical Association (AMA) 1847
· Established standards for preliminary medical education
for the degree of MD
· Code of Medical Ethics
· Recommended use of anesthetic agents for surgery/ob-
American Medical Association (AMA) stetrics
· Noted dangers of secret remedies (snake oil) & patent
medicines
· Recommended state govs register births, marriages, &
deaths
· Improvements in surgery made during Civil War (toilets
downstream from Army's campsite)
Advances making practice of med more successful in
treating health problems · Application to medicine advances in bacteriology by sci-
entists such as Louis Pasteur (ability to control infections -
leading cause of death at the time)
, LSUS MHA 707 Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Includes Frequently
Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
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· Provided start for some of largest names in modern
Demand for therapeutics fueled by Civil War
pharma industry: Wyeth, Pfizer, Squibb
Found of U.S. Nursing Corps (professional nursing) 1861 (19th century)
· Created ambulance-to-ER system we know today
Development of Ambulance Corps during Civil War
· Estab. Hierarchy of tx stations to type of hospital facilities
Association of Hospital Superintendents became · American Hospital Association (AHA)
Founding of Association of Hospital Superintendents 1899
Adoption of the Bertillon or International List of Causes of
1900
Death
· Predecessor of International Classification of Diseases
(ICD)
Bertillon or International List of Causes of Death
· Brought some standards & criteria in the study of dis-
eases
· Providing health care coverage
Both public & private sectors were involved in
· Building the American health care infrastructure
Access to health care for members of military, vets, & family
1811
had become a public sector initiative
· Early forerunners of health insurance plans appeared as
"prepaid" group practices
1910
· Plan members paid monthly premium & received a wide
range of medical services throughout exclusive group of
providers
· BC plans were established to provide "prepaid" hospital
1929
care to workers in Dallas Public School system
, LSUS MHA 707 Comprehensive Resource To Help You Ace 2026-2027 Includes Frequently
Tested Questions With ELABORATED 100% Correct COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Guaranteed Pass First Attempt!! Current Update!!
· Created by Baylor
BCBS developed nationwide due to · U.S. entering WW2 w/ caps on wages
BCBS unified 1940s
BCBS together served · 24M, 81 hospital plans, 44 med plans
By 1960s BC had · 52M
By 1960s BS had · 40M
BCBS covered what percent Fed employees · 33%
· Voluntary, nonprofit companies
BCBS ottered by
· Estab. As charitable & benevolent organizations
BCBS used what to set prices for their products · Community Rating
Why did BCBS use Community Rating? · Data too poor to do anything else
· Insurance pricing whereby everyone in same geographic
area pays same premium
Community Rating refers to
· Regardless of health status, age, gender, family compo-
sition, occupation, health behaviors such as smoking, or
claims hx
· Tailors policies & premiums to particular group or indi-
vidual
Experience Rating
· Premiums based on person's claims, health status, & risk
of future claims as indicated by their age, gender, health
behaviors, & so forth
· Medicare (65+)
· Medicaid (uninsured, low-income)